英语六级真题及答案.docx
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英语六级真题及答案
2011年12月大学英语六级真题及答案
PartI Writing (30minutes)
Directions:
Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitled TheWaytoSuccess bycommentingonAbrahamLincoln'sfamousremark,"Givemesixhourstochopdownatree,andIwillspend,thefirstfoursharpeningtheaxe."Youshouldwriteatleast 150 wordsbutnomorethan 200 words.
TheWaytoSuccess
注意:
此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
PartII ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning) (15minutes)
Directions:
Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionson AnswerSheet1. Forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfrom thefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.
Google'sPlanforWorld'sBiggestOnlineLibrary:
PhilanthropyOrActofPiracy?
Inrecentyears,teamsofworkersdispatchedbyGooglehavebeenworkinghardtomake digitalcopiesofbooks.Sofar,Googlehasscannedmorethan10milliontitlesfromlibrariesin AmericaandEurope - includinghalfamillionvolumesheldbytheBodleianinOxford.Theexact methoditusesisunclear;thecompanydoesnotallowoutsiderstoobservetheprocess.
WhyisGoogleundertakingsuchaventure?
Whyisiteveninterestedinallthoseout-of-printlibrarybooks,mostofwhichhavebeengatheringdustonforgottenshelvesfordecades?
Thecompanyclaimsitsmotivesareessentiallypublic-spirited.Itsoverallmission,afterall,isto"organize theworld'sinformation",soitwouldbeoddifthatinformationdidnotincludebooks.
Thecompanylikestopresentitselfashavingloftyaspirations."Thisreallyisn'taboutmakingmoney.Wearedoingthisforthegoodofsociety."AsSantiagodelaMora,headofGoogleBooksforEurope,putsit:
"Bymakingitpossibletosearchthemillionsofbooksthatexisttoday,wehope toexpandthefrontiersofhumanknowledge."
DanClancy,thechiefarchitectofGoogleBooks,doesseemgenuineinhisconvictionthatthisisprimarilya philanthropic (慈善的)exercise."Google'scorebusinessissearchandfind,soobviouslywhathelpsimproveGoogle'ssearchengineisgoodforGoogle,"hesays."Butwehaveneverbuilta spreadsheet (电子数据表)outliningthefinancialbenefitsofthis,andIhaveneverhadtojustifytheamountIamspendingtothecompany'sfounders."
Itiseasy,talkingtoClancyandhiscolleagues,tobesweptalongbytheirmissionarypassion. ButGoogle'sbook-scanningprojectisprovingcontroversial.Severalopponentshaverecently emerged,rangingfromrivaltechgiantssuchasMicrosoftandAmazontosmallbodiesrepresentingauthorsandpublishersacrosstheworld.Inbroadterms,theseopponentshaveleveledtwosets ofcriticismsatGoogle.
First,theyhavequestionedwhethertheprimaryresponsibilityfordigitallyarchivingtheworld's booksshouldbeallowedtofalltoacommercialcompany.Inarecentessayinthe NewYorkReviewofBooks, RobertDanton,theheadofHarvardUniversity'slibrary,arguedthatbecausesuchbooksareacommonresource–thepossessionofusall–onlypublic,not-for-profitbodiesshouldbegiventhepowertocontrolthem.
ThesecondrelatedcriticismisthatGoogle'sscanningofbooksisactuallyillegal.ThisallegationhasledtoGooglebecoming miredin (陷入)alegalbattlewhosescopeandcomplexitymakes theJaundiceandJaundicecaseinCharlesDickens' BleakHouse lookstraightforward.
Atitscentre,however,isonesimpleissue:
thatofcopyright.Theinconvenientfactaboutmost books,towhichGooglehasarguablypaidinsufficientattention,isthattheyareprotectedby copyright.Copyrightlawsdifferfromcountrytocountry,butingeneralprotectionextendsforthe durationofanauthor'slifeandforasubstantialperiodafterwards,thusallowingtheauthor'sheirstobenefit.(InBritainandAmerica,thispost-deathperiodis70years.)Thismeans,ofcourse,that almostallofthebookspublishedinthe20thcenturyarestillundercopyright – andthelastcentury sawmorebookspublishedthaninallpreviouscenturiescombined.Oftheroughly40million booksinUSlibraries,forexample,anestimated32millionareincopyright.Ofthese,some27 millionareoutofprint.
OutsidetheUS,Googlehasmadesureonlytoscanbooksthatareoutofcopyrightandthusinthe"publicdomain"(workssuchastheBodleian'sfirsteditionof Middlemarch, whichanyonecanreadforfreeonGoogleBooksSearch).
But,withintheUS,thecompanyhasscannedbothin-copyrightandout-of-copyrightworks.Initsdefense,Googlepointsoutthatitdisplaysonlysmallsegmentsofbooksthatareincopyright– arguingthatsuchdisplaysare"fairuse".Butcriticsallegethatbymakingelectroniccopiesof thesebookswithoutfirstseekingthepermissionofcopyrightholders,Googlehascommittedpiracy.
"Thekeyprincipleofcopyrightlawhasalwaysbeenthatworkscanbecopiedonlyonce authorshaveexpresslygiventheirpermission,"saysPiersBluffed,oftheSheilaLandliteraryagency inLondon."Googlehasreversedthis–ithassimplycopiedalltheseworkswithoutbotheringtask."
In2005,theAuthorsGuildofAmerica,togetherwithagroupofUSpublishers,launchedaclassactionsuit (集团诉讼)againstGooglethat,aftermorethantwoyearsofnegotiation,endedwithanannouncementlastOctoberthatGoogleandtheclaimantshadreachedanout-of-courtsettlement.Thefulldetailsarecomplicated-thetextalonerunsto385pages– andtryingtosummarizeitisnoeasytask."Partoftheproblemisthatitisbasicallyincomprehensible,"saysBluffed,oneofthesettlement'smostvocalBritishcritics.
Broadly,thedealprovidesamechanismforGoogletocompensateauthorsandpublishers whoserightsithasbreached(includinggivingthemashareofanyfuturerevenueitgeneratesfromtheirworks).Inexchangeforthis,therightsholdersagreenottosueGoogleinfuture.
ThissettlementhandsGooglethepower-butonlywiththeagreementofindividualrightsholders – toexploititsdatabaseofout-of-printbooks.Itcanincludetheminsubscriptiondeals soldtolibrariesorsellthemindividuallyunderaconsumerlicense.Itisthesecommercialprovisionsthatareprovingthesettlement'smostcontroversialaspect.
Criticspointoutthat,bygivingGoogletherighttocommerciallyexploititsdatabase,thesettlementpavesthewayforasubtleshiftinthecompany'srolefromproviderofinformationtoseller."Google'sbusinessmodelhasalwaysbeentoprovideinformationforfree,andselladvertisingonthebasisofthetrafficthisgenerates,"pointsoutJamesGrimmelman,associateprofessoratNewYorkLawSchool.Now,hesays,becauseofthesettlement'sprovisions,Googlecould becomeasignificantforceinbookselling.
Interestinthisaspectofthesettlementhasfocusedon"orphan"works,wherethereisnoknowncopyrightholder – thesemakeupanestimated5-10%ofthebooksGooglehasscanned. Underthesettlement,whennorightsholderscomeforwardandregistertheirinterestinawork,commercialcontrolautomaticallyrevertstoGoogle.Googlewillbeabletodisplayupto20%oforphanworksforfree,includetheminitssubscriptiondealstolibrariesandsellthemtoindividual buyersundertheconsumerlicense.
Itisbynomeanscertainthatthesettlementwillbe enacted (执行) – itisthesubjectoffairnesshearingintheUScourts.Butifitisenacted,Googlewillineffectbeoffthehookasfaras copyrightviolationsintheUSareconcerned.Manypeopleareseriouslyconcernedbythis-andthecompanyislikelytofacechallengesinothercourtsaroundtheworld.
NooneknowsthepreciseuseGooglewillmakeoftheintellectualpropertyithasgainedbyscanningtheworld'slibrarybooks,andthetruth,asGerick,anAmericansciencewriterandmemberoftheAuthorsGuild,pointsout,isthatthecompanyprobablydoesn'tevenknowitself.But whatiscertainisthat,insomewayorother,Google'sentranceintodigitalbooksellingwillhavea significantimpactonthebookworldintheyearstocome.
注意:
此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
1. Googleclaimsitsplanfortheworld'sbiggestonlinelibraryis_____.
A) toservetheinterestofthegeneralpublic
B) toencouragereadingaroundtheworld
C) tosaveout-of-printbooksinlibraries
D) topromoteitscorebusinessofsearching
2. AccordingtoSantiagodelaMora,Google'sbook-scanningprojectwill_____.
A) broadenhumanity'sintellectualhorizons
B) helpthebroadmassesofreaders
C) revolutionizetheentirebookindustry
D) makefulluseofthepowerofitssearchengine
3. OpponentsofGoogleBooksbelievethatdigitallyarchivingtheworld'sbooksshouldbecontrolledby_____.
A) non-profitorganizations C)multinationalcompanies
B) theworld'sleadinglibraries D)theworld'stechgiants
4. Googlehasinvolveditselfinalegalbattleasitignored_____.
A) thecopyrightofauthorsofout-of-printbooks
B) thecopyrightofthebooksitscanned
C) theinterestoftraditionalbooksellers
D) thedifferencesofin-printandout-of-printbooks
5. Googledefendsitsscanningin-copyrightbooksbysayingthat_____.
A) itdisplaysonlyasmallpartoftheircontent
B) itiswillingtocompensatethecopyrightholders
C) makingelectroniccopiesofbooksisnotaviolationofcopyright
D) theonlinedisplayofin-copyrightbooksisnotforcommercialuse
6. WhatdowelearnabouttheclassactionsuitagainstGoogle?
A) ItendedinavictoryfortheAuthorsGuildofAmerica.
B) Itwassettledaftermorethantwoyearsofnegotiation.
C) ItfailedtoprotecttheinterestsofAmericanpublishers.
D)