CFA L2 学习笔记2financial reporting and analysis.docx
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CFAL2学习笔记2financialreportingandanalysis
FinancialReportingandAnalysis
1.defensiveintervalratio=(cash+short-termmarketableinvestments+receivables)/dailycashexpenditures
2.financialleverageratio(equitymultiplier)=averagetotalassets/averageshareholders’equity
3.interestcoverageratio=EBIT/interestpayments
4.fixedchargecoverageratio=(earningsbeforeinterestandtaxes+leasepayments)/(interestpayments+leasepayments)
5.dividendpayoutratio=commonsharedividends/netincomeattributabletocommonshares
6.sustainablegrowthrate=retentionrate*returnonequity
7.earningspershare=(netincome–preferreddividends)/weightedaveragenumberofordinarysharesoutstanding
8.Freecashflowtoequity(FCFE)=cashflowfromoperatingactivities–investmentinfixedcapital+netborrowing
9.Freecashflowtothefirm(FCFF)=cashflowfromoperatingactivities+interestexpense*(1-taxrate)–investmentinfixedcapital
10.Inventoryturnoverratio=COGS/Averageinventory
11.Returnonassets=NI/Averageassets
12.accountsreceivableturnover=sales/accountsreceivable
Reading21Inventories:
ImplicationsforFinancialStatementsandRations
1.COGS=beginninginventory+purchases–endinginventory.TheCOGSandendinginventoryareinverselyrelated.
2.LIFOreserve=inventoryunderFIFO-inventoryunderLIFO;inventoryunderFIFO=inventoryunderLIFO+LIFOreserve
COGSunderFIFO=COGSunderLIFO–changeinLIFOreserve
NIunderFIFO=NIunderLIFO+changeinLIFOreserve*(1-taxrate)
RetainedEarningsunderFIFO=REunderLIFO+LIFOreserve*(1-rt)
3.UnderFIFO,incomebeforetaxesishigher,taxespaidishigher,cashislower,inventoryincreasesbyalargeramountthancashdecreases,andshareholders’equityishigherbecauseofhigherretainedearnings.
4.LIFObetterreflectsreplacementcost,soitsgrossprofitmarginwouldbestreflectcurrentcostsoftheindustry.AsLIFOreserveisdecreasing,itmayreflectaLIFOliquidation(后进先出法清算,一般发生在期末存货少于期初存货的情况下)whichmaydistortgrossprofitmargin.
5.LIFOandFIFOComparison
6.inventoryvaluationmethod
Reading22Long-livedAssets:
ImplicationsforFinancialStatements&Ratios
1.Researchanddevelopmentcosts:
IFRS-researchcostsareexpensed;developmentcostsarecapitalized.GAAP-bothareexpensed.
2.Softwaredevelopmentcosts:
coststodevelopsoftwareforsaleareexpenseduntiltheproduct’stechnologicalfeasibilityhasbeenestablished,thenGAAPrequiressubsequentcoststobecapitalized.Coststodevelopsoftwareforowninternalusearecapitalized.
3.Financialeffectsofcapitalizingvs.expensing:
4.Depreciationmethods:
Straight-linedepreciationexpense=(originalcost-salvagevalue)/depreciablelife
Double-decliningbalance(DDB)depreciationinyearx=2/assetlifeinyears*bookvalueatbeginningofyearx
5.MACRS:
modifiedacceleratedcostrecoverysystem加速成本回收法修正系统
6.Impairmentsforlong-livedassets:
underIFRS—whencarryingvalue(originalcostlessaccumulateddepreciation)exceedsrecoverableamount(greaterof“fairvaluelesssellingcosts”and“valueinuseorpresentvalueoffuturecashflowstream”),thelosscanbereversedinthefuture;underGAAP,whencarryingvalueexceedsthefairvalueorthefuturecashflowstream(测试时用undiscounted现金流,减值计算时用discounted现金流),lossrecoveriesareprohibitedexcepttolong-livedassetsheldforsale.Impairmentwillresultinlowerassetsandlowerequity(retainedearnings).
7.Averageage=accumulateddepreciation/annualdepreciationexpense
Averagedepreciablelife=endinggrossinvestment/annualdepreciationexpense
Remainingusefullife=endingnetinvestment/annualdepreciationexpense=averageage-averagedepreciablelife
Averagetotalusefullife=averageage+remainingusefullife
8.Aleasemustbetreatedasafinance(capital)leaseifanyoneofthecriteriaismet:
titleistransferredtothelesseeattheendofleaseperiod;abargainpurchaseoptionexists;leaseperiodis75%ormoreoftheasset’seconomiclife;presentvalueofleasepaymentsis90%ormoreofthefairvalue.
9.UnderGAAP,interestexpenseoffinanceleaseisreportedasoutflowfromoperatingactivities,andtheprincipalpaymentisoutflowfromfinancingactivities.UnderIFRS,interestexpensecanbereportedasoutflowfromoperatingactivityorfinancingactivity.
10.Financialstatementimpactofleaseaccounting:
Ratioimpactofleaseaccounting:
总的来说,financelease的指标比operatinglease都要差。
11.Adjustedoperatingleasetocapitallease:
adjustedEBIT=EBIT+leaseexpense-adjustmenttodepreciation;adjustedinterestexpense=interestexpense+assumedinterestexpenseonleases.
Reading23IntercorporateInvestments
1.accountingforinvestments:
2.summaryofclassificationsoffinancialassets:
3.UnderIFRS,businesscombinationsarenot