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incotermsen
INTRODUCTION
1.PURPOSEANDSCOPEOFINCOTERMS
ThepurposeofIncotermsistoprovideasetofinternationalrulesfortheinterpretationofthemostcommonlyusedtradetermsinforeigntrade.Thus,theuncertaintiesofdifferentinterpretationsofsuchtermsindifferentcountriescanbeavoidedoratleastreducedtoaconsiderabledegree.
Frequently,partiestoacontractareunawareofthedifferenttradingpracticesintheirrespectivecountries.Thiscangiverisetomisunderstandings,disputesandlitigation诉讼,起诉withallthewasteoftimeandmoneythatthisentails承担,伴随.Inordertoremedy改正;清除:
改正;去掉theseproblemstheInternationalChamberofCommercefirstpublishedin1936asetofinternationalrulesfortheinterpretationoftradeterms.Theseruleswereknownas«Incoterms1936».Amendmentsandadditionswerelatermadein1953,1967,1976,1980,1990andpresentlyin2000inordertobringtherulesinlinewithcurrentinternationaltradepractices.
ItshouldbestressedthatthescopeofIncotermsislimitedtomattersrelatingtotherightsandobligationsofthepartiestothecontractofsalewithrespecttothedeliveryofgoodssold(inthesenseof«tangibles»,notincluding«intangibles»无形的suchascomputersoftware).
ItappearsthattwoparticularmisconceptionsaboutIncotermsareverycommon.First,Incotermsarefrequentlymisunderstoodasapplyingtothecontractofcarriageratherthantothecontractofsale.Second,theyaresometimeswronglyassumedtoprovideforallthedutieswhichpartiesmaywishtoincludeinacontractofsale.
AshasalwaysbeenunderlinedbyICC,Incotermsdealonlywiththerelationbetweensellersandbuyersunderthecontractofsale,and,moreover,onlydosoinsomeverydistinctrespects.
Whileitisessentialforexportersandimporterstoconsidertheverypracticalrelationshipbetweenthevariouscontractsneededtoperformaninternationalsalestransaction-wherenotonlythecontractofsaleisrequired,butalsocontractsofcarriage,insuranceandfinancing-Incotermsrelatetoonlyoneofthesecontracts,namely即,也就是thecontractofsale.
Nevertheless,theparties'agreementtouseaparticularIncotermwouldnecessarilyhaveimplicationsfortheothercontracts.Tomentionafewexamples,asellerhavingagreedtoaCFR-orCIF-contractcannotperformsuchacontractbyanyothermodeoftransportthancarriagebysea,sinceunderthesetermshemustpresentabillofladingorothermaritimedocumenttothebuyerwhichissimplynotpossibleifothermodesoftransportareused.Furthermore,thedocumentrequiredunderadocumentarycreditwouldnecessarilydependuponthemeansoftransportintendedtobeused.
Second,Incotermsdealwithanumberofidentifiedobligationsimposedontheparties-suchastheseller'sobligationtoplacethegoodsatthedisposalofthebuyerorhandthemoverforcarriageordeliverthematdestination-andwiththedistributionofriskbetweenthepartiesinthesecases.
Further,theydealwiththeobligationstoclearthegoodsforexportandimport,thepackingofthegoods,thebuyer'sobligationtotakedeliveryaswellastheobligationtoprovideproofthattherespectiveobligationshavebeendulyfulfilled.AlthoughIncotermsareextremelyimportantfortheimplementationofthecontractofsale,agreatnumberofproblemswhichmayoccurinsuchacontractarenotdealtwithatall,liketransferofownershipandotherpropertyrights,breaches违背,破坏ofcontractandtheconsequencesfollowingfromsuchbreachesaswellasexemptionsfromliabilityincertainsituations.ItshouldbestressedthatIncotermsarenotintendedtoreplacesuchcontracttermsthatareneededforacompletecontractofsaleeitherbytheincorporationofstandardtermsorbyindividuallynegotiatedterms.
Generally,Incotermsdonotdealwiththeconsequencesofbreachofcontractandanyexemptionsfromliabilityowingtovariousimpediments.Thesequestionsmustberesolvedbyotherstipulationsinthecontractofsaleandtheapplicablelaw.
Incotermshavealwaysbeenprimarilyintendedforusewheregoodsaresoldfordeliveryacrossnationalboundaries:
hence,internationalcommercialterms.However,Incotermsareinpracticeattimesalsoincorporatedintocontractsforthesaleofgoodswithinpurelydomesticmarkets.WhereIncotermsaresoused,theA2andB2clausesandanyotherstipulationofotherarticlesdealingwithexportandimportdo,ofcourse,becomeredundant.多余的
2.WHYREVISIONSOFINCOTERMS?
ThemainreasonforsuccessiverevisionsofIncotermshasbeentheneedtoadaptthemtocontemporarycommercialpractice.Thus,inthe1980revisionthetermFreeCarrier(nowFCA)wasintroducedinordertodealwiththefrequentcasewherethereceptionpointinmaritimetradewasnolongerthetraditionalFOB-point(passingoftheship'srail)butratherapointonland,priortoloadingonboardavessel,wherethegoodswerestowedintoacontainerforsubsequenttransportbyseaorbydifferentmeansoftransportincombination(so-calledcombinedormultimodaltransport).
Further,inthe1990revisionofIncoterms,theclausesdealingwiththeseller'sobligationtoprovideproofofdeliverypermittedareplacementofpaperdocumentationbyEDI-messagesprovidedthepartieshadagreedtocommunicateelectronically.Needlesstosay不必说,effortsareconstantlymadetoimproveupontheattheseller'sownpremises(the«E»-termExworks);followedbythedraftingandpresentationofIncotermsinordertofacilitatetheirpracticalimplementation.
3.INCOTERMS2000
Duringtheprocessofrevision,whichhastakenabouttwoyears,ICChasdoneitsbesttoinviteviewsandresponsestosuccessivedraftsfromawiderangingspectrumofworldtraders,representedasthesevarioussectorsareonthenationalcommitteesthroughwhichICCoperates.Indeed,ithasbeengratifying悦人的,令人满足的toseethatthisrevisionprocesshasattractedfarmorereactionfromusersaroundtheworldthananyofthepreviousrevisionsofIncoterms.TheresultofthisdialogueisIncoterms2000,aversionwhichwhencomparedwithIncoterms1990mayappeartohaveeffectedfewchanges.Itisclear,however,thatIncotermsnowenjoyworldwiderecognitionandICChasthereforedecidedtoconsolidateuponthatrecognitionandavoidchangeforitsownsake.Ontheotherhand,seriouseffortshavebeenmadetoensurethatthewording措辞;用语usedinIncoterms2000clearlyandaccuratelyreflectstradepractice.Moreover,substantivechangeshavebeenmadeintwoareas:
•thecustomsclearanceandpaymentofdutyobligationsunderFASandDEQ;and
•theloadingandunloadingobligationsunderFCA.
Allchanges,whethersubstantiveorformalhavebeenmadeonthebasisofthoroughresearchamongusersofIncotermsandparticularregardhasbeengiventoqueriesreceivedsince1990bythePanelofIncotermsExperts,setupasanadditionalservicetotheusersofIncoterms.
4.INCORPORATIONOFINCOTERMSINTOTHECONTRACTOFSALE
InviewofthechangesmadetoIncotermsfromtimetotime,itisimportanttoensurethatwherethepartiesintendtoincorporateIncotermsintotheircontractofsale,anexpressreferenceisalwaysmadetothecurrentversionofIncoterms.Thismayeasilybeoverlookedwhen,forexample,areferencehasbeenmadetoanearlierversioninstandardcontractformsorinorderformsusedbymerchants.Afailuretorefertothecurrentversionmaythenresultindisputesastowhetherthepartiesintendedtoincorporatethatversionoranearlierversionasapartoftheircontract.MerchantswishingtouseIncoterms2000shouldthereforeclearlyspecifythattheircontractisgovernedby«Incoterms2000».
5.THESTRUCTUREOFINCOTERMS
In1990,foreaseofunderstanding,thetermsweregroupedinfourbasicallydifferentcategories;namelystartingwiththetermwherebytheselleronlymakesthegoodsavailabletothebuyerattheseller'sownpremises(the«E»-termExworks);followedbythesecondgroupwherebytheselleriscalledupontodeliverthegoodstoacarrierappointedbythebuyer(the«F»-termsFCA,FASandFOB);continuingwiththe«C»-termswherethesellerhastocontractforcarriage,butwithoutassumingtheriskoflossofordamagetothegoodsoradditionalcostsduetoeventsoccurringaftershipmentanddispatch(CFR,CIF,CPTandCIP);and,finally,the«D»-termswherebythesellerhastobearallcostsandrisksneededtobringthegoodstotheplaceofdestination(DAF,DES,DEQ,DDUandDDP).Thefollowingchartsetsoutthisclassificationofthetradeterms.
INCOTERMS2000
GroupE
Departure
EXWExWorks
GroupF
Maincarriageunpaid
FCAFreeCarrier(...namedplace)
FASFreeAlongsideShip(...namedportofshipment)
FOBFreeOnBoard(...namedportofshipment)
GroupÑ
Maincarriagepaid
CFRCostandFreight(...namedportofdestination)
CIFCost,InsuranceandFreight(...namedportofdestination)
CPTCarriagePaidTo(...namedplaceofdestination)
CIPCarriageandInsurancePaidTo(...namedplaceofdestination)
GroupD
Arrival
DAFDeliveredAtFrontier(...namedplace)
DESDeliveredExShip(...namedportofdestination)
DEQDeliveredExQuay(...namedportofdestination)
DDUDeliveredDutyUnpaid(...namedplaceofdestination)
DDPDeliveredDutyPaid(...namedplaceofdestination)
Further,underallterms,asinIncoterms1990,therespectiveobligationsofthepartieshavebeengroupedunder10headingswhereeachheadingontheseller'sside«mirrors»thepositionofthebuyerwithrespecttothesamesubjectmatter.
6.TERMINOLOGY
While