incotermsen.docx

incotermsen.docx

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incotermsen

INTRODUCTION

1.PURPOSEANDSCOPEOFINCOTERMS

  ThepurposeofIncotermsistoprovideasetofinternationalrulesfortheinterpretationofthemostcommonlyusedtradetermsinforeigntrade.Thus,theuncertaintiesofdifferentinterpretationsofsuchtermsindifferentcountriescanbeavoidedoratleastreducedtoaconsiderabledegree.

  Frequently,partiestoacontractareunawareofthedifferenttradingpracticesintheirrespectivecountries.Thiscangiverisetomisunderstandings,disputesandlitigation诉讼,起诉withallthewasteoftimeandmoneythatthisentails承担，伴随.Inordertoremedy改正；清除：

改正；去掉theseproblemstheInternationalChamberofCommercefirstpublishedin1936asetofinternationalrulesfortheinterpretationoftradeterms.Theseruleswereknownas«Incoterms1936».Amendmentsandadditionswerelatermadein1953,1967,1976,1980,1990andpresentlyin2000inordertobringtherulesinlinewithcurrentinternationaltradepractices.

  ItshouldbestressedthatthescopeofIncotermsislimitedtomattersrelatingtotherightsandobligationsofthepartiestothecontractofsalewithrespecttothedeliveryofgoodssold（inthesenseof«tangibles»,notincluding«intangibles»无形的suchascomputersoftware）.

  ItappearsthattwoparticularmisconceptionsaboutIncotermsareverycommon.First,Incotermsarefrequentlymisunderstoodasapplyingtothecontractofcarriageratherthantothecontractofsale.Second,theyaresometimeswronglyassumedtoprovideforallthedutieswhichpartiesmaywishtoincludeinacontractofsale.

  AshasalwaysbeenunderlinedbyICC,Incotermsdealonlywiththerelationbetweensellersandbuyersunderthecontractofsale,and,moreover,onlydosoinsomeverydistinctrespects.

  Whileitisessentialforexportersandimporterstoconsidertheverypracticalrelationshipbetweenthevariouscontractsneededtoperformaninternationalsalestransaction-wherenotonlythecontractofsaleisrequired,butalsocontractsofcarriage,insuranceandfinancing-Incotermsrelatetoonlyoneofthesecontracts,namely即,也就是thecontractofsale.

  Nevertheless,theparties'agreementtouseaparticularIncotermwouldnecessarilyhaveimplicationsfortheothercontracts.Tomentionafewexamples,asellerhavingagreedtoaCFR-orCIF-contractcannotperformsuchacontractbyanyothermodeoftransportthancarriagebysea,sinceunderthesetermshemustpresentabillofladingorothermaritimedocumenttothebuyerwhichissimplynotpossibleifothermodesoftransportareused.Furthermore,thedocumentrequiredunderadocumentarycreditwouldnecessarilydependuponthemeansoftransportintendedtobeused.

  Second,Incotermsdealwithanumberofidentifiedobligationsimposedontheparties-suchastheseller'sobligationtoplacethegoodsatthedisposalofthebuyerorhandthemoverforcarriageordeliverthematdestination-andwiththedistributionofriskbetweenthepartiesinthesecases.

  Further,theydealwiththeobligationstoclearthegoodsforexportandimport,thepackingofthegoods,thebuyer'sobligationtotakedeliveryaswellastheobligationtoprovideproofthattherespectiveobligationshavebeendulyfulfilled.AlthoughIncotermsareextremelyimportantfortheimplementationofthecontractofsale,agreatnumberofproblemswhichmayoccurinsuchacontractarenotdealtwithatall,liketransferofownershipandotherpropertyrights,breaches违背,破坏ofcontractandtheconsequencesfollowingfromsuchbreachesaswellasexemptionsfromliabilityincertainsituations.ItshouldbestressedthatIncotermsarenotintendedtoreplacesuchcontracttermsthatareneededforacompletecontractofsaleeitherbytheincorporationofstandardtermsorbyindividuallynegotiatedterms.

  Generally,Incotermsdonotdealwiththeconsequencesofbreachofcontractandanyexemptionsfromliabilityowingtovariousimpediments.Thesequestionsmustberesolvedbyotherstipulationsinthecontractofsaleandtheapplicablelaw.

  Incotermshavealwaysbeenprimarilyintendedforusewheregoodsaresoldfordeliveryacrossnationalboundaries:

hence,internationalcommercialterms.However,Incotermsareinpracticeattimesalsoincorporatedintocontractsforthesaleofgoodswithinpurelydomesticmarkets.WhereIncotermsaresoused,theA2andB2clausesandanyotherstipulationofotherarticlesdealingwithexportandimportdo,ofcourse,becomeredundant.多余的

2.WHYREVISIONSOFINCOTERMS?

  ThemainreasonforsuccessiverevisionsofIncotermshasbeentheneedtoadaptthemtocontemporarycommercialpractice.Thus,inthe1980revisionthetermFreeCarrier（nowFCA）wasintroducedinordertodealwiththefrequentcasewherethereceptionpointinmaritimetradewasnolongerthetraditionalFOB-point（passingoftheship'srail）butratherapointonland,priortoloadingonboardavessel,wherethegoodswerestowedintoacontainerforsubsequenttransportbyseaorbydifferentmeansoftransportincombination（so-calledcombinedormultimodaltransport）.

  Further,inthe1990revisionofIncoterms,theclausesdealingwiththeseller'sobligationtoprovideproofofdeliverypermittedareplacementofpaperdocumentationbyEDI-messagesprovidedthepartieshadagreedtocommunicateelectronically.Needlesstosay不必说,effortsareconstantlymadetoimproveupontheattheseller'sownpremises（the«E»-termExworks）;followedbythedraftingandpresentationofIncotermsinordertofacilitatetheirpracticalimplementation.

3.INCOTERMS2000

  Duringtheprocessofrevision,whichhastakenabouttwoyears,ICChasdoneitsbesttoinviteviewsandresponsestosuccessivedraftsfromawiderangingspectrumofworldtraders,representedasthesevarioussectorsareonthenationalcommitteesthroughwhichICCoperates.Indeed,ithasbeengratifying悦人的,令人满足的toseethatthisrevisionprocesshasattractedfarmorereactionfromusersaroundtheworldthananyofthepreviousrevisionsofIncoterms.TheresultofthisdialogueisIncoterms2000,aversionwhichwhencomparedwithIncoterms1990mayappeartohaveeffectedfewchanges.Itisclear,however,thatIncotermsnowenjoyworldwiderecognitionandICChasthereforedecidedtoconsolidateuponthatrecognitionandavoidchangeforitsownsake.Ontheotherhand,seriouseffortshavebeenmadetoensurethatthewording措辞；用语usedinIncoterms2000clearlyandaccuratelyreflectstradepractice.Moreover,substantivechangeshavebeenmadeintwoareas:

  •thecustomsclearanceandpaymentofdutyobligationsunderFASandDEQ;and

  •theloadingandunloadingobligationsunderFCA.

  Allchanges,whethersubstantiveorformalhavebeenmadeonthebasisofthoroughresearchamongusersofIncotermsandparticularregardhasbeengiventoqueriesreceivedsince1990bythePanelofIncotermsExperts,setupasanadditionalservicetotheusersofIncoterms.

4.INCORPORATIONOFINCOTERMSINTOTHECONTRACTOFSALE

  InviewofthechangesmadetoIncotermsfromtimetotime,itisimportanttoensurethatwherethepartiesintendtoincorporateIncotermsintotheircontractofsale,anexpressreferenceisalwaysmadetothecurrentversionofIncoterms.Thismayeasilybeoverlookedwhen,forexample,areferencehasbeenmadetoanearlierversioninstandardcontractformsorinorderformsusedbymerchants.Afailuretorefertothecurrentversionmaythenresultindisputesastowhetherthepartiesintendedtoincorporatethatversionoranearlierversionasapartoftheircontract.MerchantswishingtouseIncoterms2000shouldthereforeclearlyspecifythattheircontractisgovernedby«Incoterms2000».

5.THESTRUCTUREOFINCOTERMS

  In1990,foreaseofunderstanding,thetermsweregroupedinfourbasicallydifferentcategories;namelystartingwiththetermwherebytheselleronlymakesthegoodsavailabletothebuyerattheseller'sownpremises（the«E»-termExworks）;followedbythesecondgroupwherebytheselleriscalledupontodeliverthegoodstoacarrierappointedbythebuyer（the«F»-termsFCA,FASandFOB）;continuingwiththe«C»-termswherethesellerhastocontractforcarriage,butwithoutassumingtheriskoflossofordamagetothegoodsoradditionalcostsduetoeventsoccurringaftershipmentanddispatch（CFR,CIF,CPTandCIP）;and,finally,the«D»-termswherebythesellerhastobearallcostsandrisksneededtobringthegoodstotheplaceofdestination（DAF,DES,DEQ,DDUandDDP）.Thefollowingchartsetsoutthisclassificationofthetradeterms.

INCOTERMS2000

GroupE

Departure

EXWExWorks

GroupF

Maincarriageunpaid

FCAFreeCarrier（...namedplace）

FASFreeAlongsideShip（...namedportofshipment）

FOBFreeOnBoard（...namedportofshipment）

GroupÑ

Maincarriagepaid

CFRCostandFreight（...namedportofdestination）

CIFCost,InsuranceandFreight（...namedportofdestination）

CPTCarriagePaidTo（...namedplaceofdestination）

CIPCarriageandInsurancePaidTo（...namedplaceofdestination）

GroupD

Arrival

DAFDeliveredAtFrontier（...namedplace）

DESDeliveredExShip（...namedportofdestination）

DEQDeliveredExQuay（...namedportofdestination）

DDUDeliveredDutyUnpaid（...namedplaceofdestination）

DDPDeliveredDutyPaid（...namedplaceofdestination）

  Further,underallterms,asinIncoterms1990,therespectiveobligationsofthepartieshavebeengroupedunder10headingswhereeachheadingontheseller'sside«mirrors»thepositionofthebuyerwithrespecttothesamesubjectmatter.

6.TERMINOLOGY

  While