MLA论文写作规范简略说明.docx

MLA论文写作规范简略说明.docx

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MLA论文写作规范简略说明

MLA论文写作规范简略说明

In1984,theModernLanguageAssociation（MLA）introducedanewstyleofdocumentingsourcesinresearchpapers.ThispamphletexplainsthefeaturesofMLAstyle,accordingto1988MLAguidelines,andanalyzessomeoftheirimplicationsforyourresearchandcomposing.TherearethreemajorfeaturesofMLAstyle.First,allsourcescitedinapaperarelistedinasectionentitledWorksCitedlocatedattheendofthepaper.Second,materialborrowedfromanothersourceisdocumentedwithinthetextbyabriefparentheticalreferencethatdirectsreaderstothefullcitationinthelistofworkscited.Third,footnotesorendnotesareusedtopresenttwotypesofsupplementaryinformation:

（1）commentaryorexplanationthatthetextcannotaccommodateand

（2）bibliographicalnotescontainingseveralsourcecitations.

1.PreparingtheListofWorksCited

InMLAstyle,thelistofworkscitedistheonlyplacewherereaderswillbeabletolocatecompleteinformationaboutthesourcesyouhavecitedinyourresearchpaper.Forthatreason,yourlistmustbethoroughandaccuratesothatreaderswillknowexactlywheretheycanfindthesourcesofthewords,ideas,andevidencepresentedinyourtext.

Thelistofworkscitedappearsattheendofyourpaperand,asitstitlesuggests,listsonlytheworksyouhavecitedinyourpaper.Occasionally,yourinstructormayaskyoutopreparealistofworksconsulted,alistthatincludesnotonlythesourcesyoucitebutalsothesourcesyouconsultedasyouconductedyourresearch.Ineithercase,MLAprefersWorksCitedorWorksConsultedtothemorelimitedheadingBibliography（literally,“descriptionofbooks”）becausethoseheadingsaremorelikelytoaccommodatethevarietyofsources—articles,films,computersoftware—thatmaybecitedinaresearchpaper.

Topreparethelistofworkscited,followthesegeneralguidelines:

※PaginatetheWorksCitedsectionasacontinuationofyourtext.Iftheconclusionofyourpaperappearsonpage8,beginyourlistonpage9（unlessthereisaninterveningpageofendnotes）.

※Double-spacebetweensuccessivelinesofanentryandbetweenentries.

※Beginthefirstlineofanentryflushleft,andindentsuccessivelinesfivespaces.

※Listentriesinalphabeticalorderaccordingtothelastnameoftheauthor.

※Ifyouarelistingmorethanoneworkbythesameauthor,alphabetizetheworksaccordingtotitle（excludingthearticlesa,an,andthe）.Insteadofrepeatingtheauthor’sname,typethreehyphensandaperiod,andthengivethetitle.

※Underlinethetitlesofworkspublishedindependently—books,plays,longpoems,pamphlets,periodicals,films.

※Althoughyoudonotneedtounderlinethespacesbetweenwords,acontinuouslineiseasiertotypeandguaranteesthatallfeaturesofthetitleareunderlined.Typeacontinuouslineundertitlesunlessyouareinstructedotherwise.

※Ifyouarecitingabookthatincludesthetitleofanotherbook,underlinethemaintitlebutdonotunderlinetheshortertitle（forexample,ACasebookonRalphEllison’sInvisibleMan）.

※Usequotationmarkstoindicatetitlesofshorterworksthatappearinlargerworks（forexample,“MinutesofGlory”inAfricanShortStories）.Alsousequotationmarksforsongtitlesandfortitlesofunpublishedworks,includingdissertations,lectures,andspeeches.

※UseArabicnumeralsexceptfortitlesofpeople（ElizabethII）andthepreliminarypagenumbersofawork（ii-xix）,whicharetraditionallyindicatedwithRomannumerals.

※Uselowercaseabbreviationstoidentifypartsofthework（forexample,vol.forvolume）androlesofnamedtranslators（trans.）andeditors（ed.）.However,whenthesedesignationsfollowaperiod,theyshouldbecapitalized（forexample,Woolf,Virginia.AWriter’sDiary.Ed.LeonardWoolf）.

※Wheneverpossible,useappropriateshortenedformsforthepublisher’sname（RandominsteadofRandomHouse）.Seethelistofabbreviationsbeginningonpage38.

※Separateauthor,title,andpublicationinformationwithaperiodfollowedbytwospaces.

※Useacolontoseparatethevolumenumberandtheyearofaperiodicalfrompagenumbers（forexample,Trimmer,Joseph.“Memoryscape:

JeanShepherd’sMidwest.“OldNorthwest2（1976）:

357-69）.

SampleEntries:

Books

ABookbyOneAuthor

Petroski,Henry.ToEngineerIsHuman:

TheRoleofFailureinSuccessfulDesign.NewYork:

St.Martin’s,1985.

TwoorMoreBooksbytheSameAuthor

Hirsch,E.D.,Jr.CulturalLiteracy:

WhatEveryAmericanNeedstoKnow.Boston:

Houghton,1987.

——.ThePhilosophyofComposition.Chicago:

UofChicagoP,1977.

ABookbyTwoorThreeAuthors

Vare,EthlieAnn,andGregPtacek.MothersofInvention:

FromtheBratotheBomb:

ForgottenWomenandTheirUnforgettableIdeas.NewYork:

Morrow,1988.

Atwan,Robert,DonaldMcQuade,andJohnW.Wright.Edsels.Luckies,andFrigid