长难句语法分类.docx
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长难句语法分类
i基本:
(并列、转折、因果、对比)
1.Mostpeopleconsiderthelandscapetobeunchanging,butEarthisadynamicbody,anditssurfaceiscontinuallyaltering-slowlyonthehumantimescale,butrelativelyrapidlywhencomparedtothegreatageofEarth(about4,500billionyears
(1)(and/but)
2.Anestimated99.85percentofthemassofoursolarsystemiscontainedwithintheSun,whiletheplanetscollectivelymakeupmostoftheremaining0.15percent.(3)(while)
3.Also,becauseoftheirrelativelocations,thefourJovianplanetsareknownastheouterplanets,whiletheterrestrialplanetsareknownastheinnerplanets.(3)(while)
4.Thedensitiesoftheterrestrialplanetsaverageabout5timesthedensityofwater,whereastheJovianplanetshavedensitiesthataverageonly1.5timesthedensityofwater.(3)(whereas)
5.SometimeaftermidnightonFebruary8,1969,alarge,brightmeteorenteredEarth'satmosphereandbrokeintothousandsofpieces,plummetedtotheground,andscatteredoveranarea50mileslongand10mileswideinthestateofChihuahuainMexico.(4)(and)
6.Thisisparticularlytruefortreesinthemiddleandupperlatitudes,whichtendtoattaingreaterheightsonridges,whereasinthetropicsthetreesreachtheirgreaterheightsinthevalleys.(5)(whereas)
7.Probablythemostimportantenvironmentalfactoristemperature,forifthegrowingseasonistooshortandtemperaturesaretoolow,treeshootsandbudscannotmaturesufficientlytosurvivethewintermonths.(5)(for)
8.Immediatelyadjacenttothetimberline,thetundraconsistsofafairlycompletecoveroflow-lyingshrubs,herbs,andgrasses,whilehigherupthenumberanddiversityofspeciesdecreaseuntilthereismuchbaregroundwithoccasionalmossesandlichensandsomeprostratecushionplants.(5)(while)
9.Thisenablesthemtoavoidtheworstrigorsofhighwindsandpermitsthemtomakeuseofthehighertemperaturesimmediatelyadjacenttothegroundsurface(5)(and)
10.Sporeslightenoughtofloatonthebreezeswerecarriedthousandsofmilesfrommoreancientlandsanddepositedatrandomacrossthebaremountainflanks.(6)(and)
11.Theircalculationsshowthattheimpactkickedupadustcloudthatcutoffsunlightforseveralmonths,inhibitingphotosynthesisinplants;decreasedsurfacetemperaturesoncontinentstobelowfreezing;causedextremeepisodesofacidrain;andsignificantlyraisedlong-termglobaltemperaturesthroughthegreenhouseeffect.(8)(and)
12.Desertificationisaccomplishedprimarilythroughthelossofstabilizingnaturalvegetationandthesubsequentacceleratederosionofthesoilbywindandwater(9)(and)
13.Inothercases,thefinerparticlesmayberemoved,whilethesand-sizedparticlesareaccumulatedtoformmobilehillsorridgesofsand.(9)(while)
14.Duringthedryperiodsthatarecommonphenomenaalongthedesertmargins,though,thepressureonthelandisoftenfarinexcessofitsdiminishedcapacity,anddesertificationresults.(9)(and)
15.Thefirstcommunityinasuccessioniscalledapioneercommunity,whilethelong-livedcommunityattheendofsuccessioniscalledaclimaxcommunity(10)(while)
16.Theymaybeexpressedtowardparentsinindirectwayssuchasdestroyingfurniture,ortheymaybeexpressedtowardstrangerslaterinlife.(11)(or)
17.Accordingtothishypothesis,signalsfromthefacialmuscles(“feedback”)aresentbacktoemotioncentersofthebrain,andsoaperson'sfacialexpressioncaninfluencethatperson'semotionalstate.(12)(so)
18.Theseexpeditionswerelikelydrivenbypopulationgrowthandpoliticaldynamicsonthehomeislands,aswellasthechallengeandexcitementofexploringunknownwaters.(13)(and)
19.Itmayhavedevelopedindependently,butmanyscholarsbelievethatthespreadofagricultureandironthroughoutAfricalinkedittothemajorcentersoftheNearEastandMediterraneanworld(14)(but)
20.Oncetheideaofplantingdiffused,Africansbegantodeveloptheirowncrops,suchascertainvarietiesofrice,andtheydemonstratedacontinuedreceptivenesstonewimports.(14)(and)
21.Statueswerecreatednotfortheirdecorativeeffectbuttoplayaprimaryroleinthecultsofthegods,theking,andthedead.(16)(not…but…)
22..ThefunctionandstatusofceramicsinChinavariedfromdynastytodynasty,sotheymaybeutilitarian,burial,trade-collectors',orevenritualobjects,accordingtotheirqualityandtheerainwhichtheyweremade.(作业2)(so)
23.Thetraditionofreligioussculptureextendsovermosthistoricalperiodsbutislessclearlydelineatedthanthatofstonewaresorporcelains,foritembracestheoldcustomofearthenwareburialceramicswithlaterreligiousimagesandarchitecturalornament.(作业2)(but/for)
24.TheChinesethemselvesadaptedmanyspecificvesselformsfromtheWest,suchasbottleswithlongspouts,anddesignedarangeofdecorativepatternsespeciallyfortheEuropeanmarket.(作业2)(and)
25.Totwentieth-centuryeyes,Chinesepotterymayappearmerelydecorative,yettotheChinesetheformofeachobjectanditsadornmenthadmeaningandsignificance.(作业2)(yet)
26.Youngchildrenaretrustingofcommercialadvertisementsinthemedia,andadvertisershavesometimesbeenaccusedoftakingadvantageofthistrustingoutlook(作业4)(and)
27.TheIndependentTelevisionCommission,regulatoroftelevisionadvertisingintheUnitedKingdom,hascriticizedadvertisersfor"misleadingness'—creatingawrongimpressioneitherintentionallyorunintentionally—inanefforttocontroladvertisers'useoftechniquesthatmakeitdifficultforchildrentojudgethetruesize,action,performance,orconstructionofatoy.(作业4)(either…or…)
28.ResearcherCharlesAtkinfoundthatchildrenbelievethatthecharactersusedtoadvertisebreakfastcerealsareknowledgeableaboutcereals,andchildrenacceptsuchcharactersascrediblesourcesofnutritionalinformation(作业4)(and)
29.Apprenticeswereconsideredpartofthefamily,andmasterswereresponsiblenotonlyforteachingtheirapprenticesatradebutalsoforprovidingthemsomeeducationandforsupervisingtheirmoralbehavior.(作业5)(notonly…butalso…)
30.Also,skilledartisansdidnotworkbytheclock,atasteadypace,butratherinburstsofintenselaboralternatingwithmoreleisurelytime.(作业5)(not…but…)
31.Atthesametime,workerswererequiredtodiscardoldhabits,forindustrialismdemandedaworkerwhowasalert,dependable,andself-disciplined.(作业5)(for)
32.Fewworkersrosethroughtherankstosupervisorypositions,andevenfewercouldachievetheartisan'sdreamofsettingupone'sownbusiness.(作业5)(and)
33.ThelabormovementgatheredsomemomentuminthedecadebeforethePanicof1837,butinthedepressionthatfollowed,labor'sstrengthcollapsed(作业5)(but)
34.Morethanadecadeofagitationdidfinallybringaworkdayshortenedto10hourstomostindustriesbythe185O’s,andthecourtsalsorecognizedworkers'righttostrike,butthesegainshadlittleimmediateimpact(作业5)(but)
35.Forthem,thefactoryandindustrialismwerenotagentsofopportunitybutremindersoftheirlossofindependenceandameasureofcontrolovertheirlives.(作业5)(not…but…)
36.WhereasGreecehadgrownfromscoresofscatteredcities,Romegrewfromonesingleorganism.(作业6)(whereas)
37.WhiletheGreekworldhadexpandedalongtheMediterraneanseaslanes,theRomanworldwasassembledbyterritorialconquest(作业6)(while)
38.ThereisaqualityofcohesivenessabouttheRomanworldthatappliedneithertoGreecenorperhapstoanyothercivilization,ancientormodern.(作业6)(neither…nor…)
39.Sheassembledanall-femalecompanyatthistimeandestablishedaschoolaround1908,butneithersurvivedher.(作业7)(but)
40.In1831whenSmithwasfinallyrecognizedbytheGeologicalSocietyofLondonasthe“fatherofEnglishgeology”,itwasnotonlyforhismapsbutalsoforsomethingevenmoreimportant.(作业8)(notonly…butalso…)
定从:
(非限、关系代词、关系副词、as、whose、介词+关系代词、模糊地点状态)
1.About400millionyearsago,whenthepresent-daycontinentsofNorthAmericaandEuropewerejoined,theCaledonianmountainchainwasthesamesizeasthemodernHimalayas
(1)(when/非限)
2.Theexposedrocksareattackedbythevariousweatherprocessesandgraduallybrokendownintofragments,whicharethencarriedawayandlaterdepositedassediments.
(1)(which/非限)
3..Geothermalenergybecomesavailableinapracticalformwhenundergroundheatistransferredbywaterthatisheatedasitpassesthroughasubsurfaceregionofhotrocks(aheatreservoir)thatmaybehundredsorthousandsoffeetdeep
(2)(that)
4.Geothermalenergyisinasensenotrenewable,becauseinmostcasestheheatwouldbedrawnoutofareservoirmuchmorerapidlythanitwouldbereplacedbytheveryslowgeologicalprocessesbywhichheatflowsthroughsolidrockintoaheatreservoir
(2)(bywhich)
5.ItishypothesizedthattheprimordialcloudofdustandgasfromwhichalltheplanetsarethoughttohavecondensedhadacompositionsomewhatsimilartothatofJupiter.(3)(fromwhich)
6.Altogether,roughlytwotonsofmeteoritefragmentswererecovered,allofwhichbearthenameAllendeforthelocationofthefirstdiscovery.(4)(ofwhich)
7.Inmanysemiaridareasthereisalsoalowertimberlinewheretheforestpassesintosteppeordesertatitsloweredge,usuallybecauseofalackofmoisture.(5)(where)
8.Windvelocityalsoincreaseswithaltitudeandmaycauseseriousstressfortrees,asismadeevidentbythedeformedshapesathighaltitudes(5)(as)
9.Itissignificantthattheearliestlivingthingsthatbuiltcommunitiesontheseislandsareexamplesofsymbiosis,aphenomenonthatdependsupontheclosecooperationoftwoormoreformsoflifeandaprinciplethatisveryimportantinislandcommunities.(6)(that)
10.Theseplantspropagatebyproducingspores-tinyfer