英文法律文书简明教程.docx
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英文法律文书简明教程
英文法律文书简明教程
（一）缩写
一、缩写Abbreviations
规则1
在正式写作中，应当避免使用缩写，除非有下述规则2、规则3和规则4的情形。
Informalwriting,oneshouldnotuseabbreviations,exceptasindicatedinrules2,3,and4below.
例如：
Incorrect:
TheU.S.SupremeCourtheldthatthedefendant'srightshadbeenviolated.
Correct:
TheUnitedStatesSupremeCourtheldthatthedefendant'srightshadbeenviolated.
Incorrect:
ProfessorJonasmentionedseveralcitiesthathavedomestic-partnershipordinances,e.g.,NewYorkandSanFrancisco.
Correct:
ProfessorJonasmentionedseveralcitiesthathavedomestic-partnershipordinances,includingNewYorkandSanFrancisco.
Incorrect:
TheCourtannounceditsdecisioninthecaseonOct.12,1994.
Correct:
TheCourtannounceditsdecisioninthecaseonOctober12,1994.
规则2
如果一个缩写的应用已经非常普遍，在一般用法中已经取代了全称，则可以使用缩写；但使用此缩写时不应该使用表示缩写的英文句号（.）。
Whenanabbreviationhasbecomesocommonthatithassupplantedthefullnameincommonusage,onemayusetheabbreviation;however,oneshoulddosowithouttheuseofperiods.
例如：
Incorrect:
TheN.A.A.C.P.wasthesubjectofaprofileonC.B.S.lastweek.
Correct:
TheNAACPwasthesubjectofaprofileonCBSlastweek.
（注：
NAACPabbr.NationalAssociationfortheAdvancementofColoredPeople（美国）全国有色人种协进会，CBSabbr.（美国）哥伦比亚广播公司（ColumbiaBroadcastingSystem））
However:
ThedefendantinthecaseisR.J.ReynoldsIndustries,Inc.
请注意，在上面的例子中，字母R和J后面的句号（.）应当保留，因为这个缩写所代表的含义并非广为人知。
一般来说，这样的缩写应当使用全称；但是在上面的例子中不能用全称，因为缩写R.J.是公司注册名称中使用的。
Noticethatintheprecedingexample,thepointsafter"R"and"J"shouldbeleftin,becausethemeaningoftheabbreviationisnotsufficientlywellknowntomostreaders.Ordinarily,onewouldreplacesuchanabbreviationwiththefullterms;however,onecannotdosointhiscasebecausethelegalcorporatenameinvolvedincludestheabbreviation.
规则3
当使用legalcitation时，一定要按照Bluebook（见译注）的要求来缩写。
但在行文中提及法院时，不应用缩写。
Whenwritinglegalcitations,alwaysusetheabbreviationsrequiredbytheBluebook.However,whenreferringtoacourtintext,donotabbreviate.Forexample:
例如：
Incorrect:
TheIll.SupremeCourtrequiredthereturnofthechildtohisbirthmother.Smithsonv.Bettaglia,59Illinois2d73,180NortheastReporter2d754（1994）.
Correct:
TheIllinoisSupremeCourtrequiredthereturnofthechildtohisbirthmother.Smithsonv.Bettaglia,59Ill.2d73,180N.E.2d754（1994）.
规则4
当行文中涉及的公司在其注册名称中含有一个或多个缩写时，如R.J.ReynoldsIndustries,Inc.，应当保留缩写；不要把缩写所代表的全称全部拼出，除非公司的注册名称中已经全部拼出，如ExxonShippingCompany。
这条规则适用于所有的公司名称中，包括Co.，Corp.，Inc.和Ltd.。
Whenreferringtoacorporateentitythathasoneormoreabbreviationsaspartofitslegalname,suchasR.J.ReynoldsIndustries,Inc.,leavetheabbreviationsinthename.Donotspellouttheabbreviationunlessthecorporationitselfspellsitout,whichsomedo（forexample,ExxonShippingCompany）.Thisruleappliestoallofthevariousformsofcorporatedesignations,includingCo.,Corp.,Inc.,andLtd.
例如：
Incorrect:
McDermottInternational,Incorporated
Correct:
McDermottInternational,Inc.
参照：
CrossReferences:
TheBluebook:
AUniformSystemofCitation§6（15thed.1991）.
译注：
TheBluebook:
AUniformSystemofCitation
是HarvardLawReview联合ColumbiaLawReview,theUniversityofPennsylvaniaLawReview,andtheYaleLawJournal一起出版的关于如何引用法律文件和期刊的权威工具书，为法律学者和实务工作者所广泛使用。
英文法律文书简明教程
（二）缩略符
缩略符－见译注
当一个学生向教授提交书面作业或向律师事务所提交书面资料时，没有什么比错误的使用或不使用缩略符造成的负面印象更严重了。
因此，掌握这些简单，却常常容易混淆的规则非常重要。
在四种情形下使用或不使用缩略符容易引起混淆，分别是
（1）复数词
（2）单数所有格（3）复数所有格和（4）it's和its的缩写形式（Contractions，seecrossreferencehereunder）与所有格。
是否使用所有格，要先问问自己是否涉及领有关系。
如果是领有关系，名词或带词就要采取所有格。
规则1
Plainpluralwordsdonotrequiretheuseofanapostrophe.Forexample:
Incorrect:
Thelawyer'scouldgenerallybefoundafterhoursattheHanoverStreetBarandGrill.（Theapostrophehereincorrectlyindicatesasingularpossessive.）
Incorrect:
Thelawyers'couldgenerallybefoundafterhoursattheHanoverStreetBarandGrill.（Theapostrophehereincorrectlyindicatesapluralpossessive.）
Correct:
ThelawyerscouldgenerallybefoundafterhoursattheHanoverStreetBarandGrill.（Thelackofanapostropheherecorrectlyindicatesaplural,nonpossessiveterm.）
规则2
Insingularpossessiveterms,placetheapostrophebeforethe"s."Thiswillindicateownershipbyonepersonorthing.Forexample:
Incorrect:
OurschoolscollectionincludedanoriginalsetofBlackstone'sCommentaries.
Incorrect:
Ourschools'collectionincludedanoriginalsetofBlackstone'sCommentaries.
Correct:
Ourschool'scollectionincludedanoriginalsetofBlackstone'sCommentaries.
规则3
Inpluralpossessiveterms,placetheapostropheafterthe"s."Thiswillindicatetothereaderthatmorethanonepersonorthingownsthethingpossessed.
Incorrect:
Thestudentssuccesswaslargelyattributabletotheirhardworkanddedication.
Incorrect:
Thestudent'ssuccesswaslargelyattributabletotheirhardworkanddedication.
Correct:
Thestudents'successwaslargelyattributabletotheirhardworkanddedication.
规则4
Howtodistinguish"its"and"it's."
"It's"isthecontractionof"itis,"asinthesentence,"It'sbestnottoquestionthejudge'sknowledgeofthelawsofevidenceinopencourt."Informalwriting,however,onegenerallyshouldnotusecontractions.Thus,thebetterformulationofthesentenceabovewouldbe:
"Itisbestnottoquestionthejudge'sknowledgeofthelawsofevidenceinopencourt."
"Its"isapossessive,asinthesentence,"Thetrucklostitsmufflerasitenteredthepothole-ladenKennedyExpressway."Thisistherarecaseinwhichapossessivetermdoesnottakeanapostrophe.
规则5
Aless-oftenfaceddecisioninvolvestheuseofapostropheswheremultipleownersarenamed.Wheretwoormorepeopleownoneitemjointly,placeanapostrophebeforean"s"onlyafterthesecond-namedperson.Forexample:
Incorrect:
Bill'sandMary'scarwasalemon,leadingthemtoseekrescissionoftheircontractunderthestate'slemonlaw.
Correct:
BillandMary'scarwasalemon,leadingthemtoseekrescissionoftheircontractunderthestate'slemonlaw.
However,whentwoormorepeopleowntwoormoreitemsseparately,eachindividual'snameshouldtakethepossessiveform.Forexample:
Incorrect:
JoanneandTodd'scarswereboughtfromthesamedealer;bothproveduseless,eventhoughJoanne'scarwasanimportandTodd'swasadomesticmodel.
Correct:
Joanne'sandTodd'scarswereboughtfromthesamedealer;bothproveduseless,eventhoughJoanne'scarwasanimportandTodd'swasadomesticmodel.
规则6
Whencreatingthepossessiveformofwordsendingin"s,"useonlyanapostropheafterthe"s"ifthewordendsina"z"sound.However,ifthewordendsinan"s"sounduseanapostropheandanadditional"s"tocreatethepossessive.
LessDesirable:
HewasastudentinProfessorAdams'sclass.
MoreDesirable:
HewasastudentinProfessorAdams'class.
However:
HewasastudentinProfessorWeiss'sclass.
CrossReference:
Contractions缩约词，通过省略或结合一个较长短语中的某些音素而形成的词，如从willnot来的won't，或短语如从oftheclock来的o'clock。
译注：
apostrophe
省略符号,撇号（'）
英文法律文书简明教程（三）冠词
冠词指“a”，“an”，和“the”。
学生常在句子中漏掉冠词，以为这样“高效”或“听起来象律师（说得话）”。
但是，漏掉冠词往往写出劣质文章。
需要用冠词的时候就用冠词，律师也不能例外。
亚洲国家学生在写作时应注意正确使用冠词，因为许多亚洲国家语言没有冠词。
1避免律师的习惯干扰。
漏掉冠词并不能使句子更简洁，反而使句子更难懂。
不要试图把句子写得“象律师写的那样”。
文章最好写得正式，而不是“象律师那样”。
Incorrect:
Policeofficermovedevidencetoavoiddisappearancefromcrimescene.
Correct:
Thepoliceofficemovedtheevidencetoavoiditsdisappearancefromthecrimescene.
Incorrect:
Abrams,officerondutyattimeofcrime,testifiedagainstdefendant,JoannaStone.
Correct:
Abrams,theofficerondutyatthetimeofthecrime,testifiedagainstthedefendant,JoannaStone.
2发元音和发辅音。
如何选用“a”和“an”。
原则很简单：
以辅音开头的名词前用a，以元音开头的名词前用“an”。
在第三点中将讨论稍难些的问题－如何处理元音发音和辅音发音。
Incorrect:
Thejudgehadangavel,andheuseditfrequently.
Correct:
Thejudgehadagavel,andheuseditfrequently.
Incorrect:
Thejudgehadaelephantinhercourtroom,thoughnobodynoticed.
Correct:
Thejudgehadanelephantinhercourtroom,thoughnobodynoticed.
3元音发音开头和辅音发音开头。
有时一个单词以辅音开头，但听起来象以元音开头（即，发元音），这些单词在选用冠词时应被看作是以元音开头。
这些单词多以“h”打头（例如hour和heir），但是如果该辅音发声（发声的辅音），就应象其它辅音一样选用冠词“a”。
从而，单词“heir”以元音发音开头，单词“hotel”以辅音发音开头。
下面举个辅音开头发元音选用冠词的例子。
Incorrect:
Thejudgegavethelawyersahour'srecesstoreviewthenewevidence.
Correct:
Thejudgegavethelawyersanhour'srecesstoreviewthenewevidence.
下面举个辅音开头发辅音选用冠词的例子。
Incorrect:
Theprofessorwaswellknownforposinganhypotheticalquestionwhenstudentssuggestedthatonerulewouldsufficeforallsituations.
Correct:
Theprofessorwaswellknownforposingahypotheticalquestionwhenstudentssuggestedthatonerulewouldsufficeforallsituations.
英文法律文书简明教程（四）
括号
1在引语中插入你自己选用的单词时，该单词使用括号。
Incorrect:
Theprofessorsaidthat"FrankfurterevolvedfromliberaltoconservativewhileontheSupremeCourt（and）Blackmunevolvedfromconservativetoliberal."
Correct:
Theprofessorsaidthat"FrankfurterevolvedfromliberaltoconservativewhileontheSupremeCourtBlackmunevolvedfromconservativetoliberal."
2为表示你在引语中改变了一个单词的一部分时，该部分使用括号。
此类情形通常发生在为合并引语和你自己的句子时，要把大写字母变小写字母，反之亦然。
引语:
"Excessivebailshallnotberequired,norexcessivefinesimposed,norcruelandunusualpunishmentsinflicted."U.S.Const.amend.VIII.
不正确合并:
TheEighthAmendmentprovidesthat"Excessivebailshallnotberequired,norexcessivefinesimposed,norcruelandunusualpunishmentsinflicted."U.S.Const.amend.VIII.
正确合并:
TheEighthAmendmentprovidesthat"xcessivebailshallnotberequired,norexcessivefinesimposed,norcruelandunusualpunishmentsinflicted."U.S.Const.amend.VIII.
英文法律文书简明教程（五）
Clauses-RestrictiveandNonrestrictive
限制性从句与非限制性从句
1.RestrictiveandNonrestrictiveClausesDefined.Restrictiveclause
升级会员 