Selected Readings in English and American Prose本部.docx
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SelectedReadingsinEnglishandAmericanProse本部
SelectedReadingsinEnglishandAmericanProse
Content
LessonOne:
Introduction
LessonTwo:
OfMarriageandSingleLife(FrancisBacon)
LessonThree:
AModestProposal(JonathanSwift)
LessonFour:
SirRogeratChurch(JosephAddison)
LessonFive:
LettertoLordChesterfield(SamuelJohnson)
LessonSix:
DreamChildren:
AReverie(CharlesLamb)
LessonSeven:
EarlyEffortsatWriting(RobertLouisStevenson)
LessonEight:
HowtoGrowOld(BertrandRussell)
LessonNine:
TheAuthor’sAccountofHimself(WashingtonIrving)
LessonTen:
TheAmericanScholar(RalphWaldoEmerson)
LessonEleven:
TheEssayist(ElwynBrooksWhite)
LessonTwelve:
SecondInauguralAddress(AbrahamLincoln)
LessonOne:
Introduction
ClassOrganization:
Activeparticipationiswelcomed,includingclasspresentationandfreediscussion.Classpresentationwillbecenteredontheunderstandingofgiventextsandliteraryterms.
FinalExam:
centeringonwhat’vebeenstudiedanddiscussedintheclass.
I.Interestingquotationswillbegiven,andSSareaskedtoidentifythequotationsbyauthorandnameofthework,andalsotoexplaintheirmeaningbriefly.Thus,SSshouldmakethemselvestogetveryfamiliarwithwhattheyhavestudiedintheclass.
II.Explainsomeliteraryterms.
III.Answerquestionsconcerningthetextsthathavebeenstudiedintheclass.Thosequestionsmaycoverthecontent,thehistoricalbackground,theauthorandeventhestylisticfeaturesofthetexts.
IV.Blank-filling.Twopiecesofessaywillbechosenforthefinaltest.
LiteraryTerms
Prose(散文) Initsbroadestsense,thetermisappliedtoallformsofwrittenorspokenexpressionwhichdonothavearegularrhythmicpattern.Butmostoftenitismeanttodesignateaconscious,cultivatedwriting,notmerelyabringingtogetherofvocabularies,alistingofideas,acatalogueofobjects.Whileproseislikeverseinthatthegoodprosehasarhythm,itisunlikeverseinthatthisrhythmisnottobescannedbyanyofthenormalmetricalschemes.Thequalitiesofproseinclude:
(1)itiswithoutsubstantialrhythmicregularity;
(2)ithassomelogical,grammaticalorderanditsideasareconnectedlystatedratherthanmerelylisted;(3)itischaracterizedbythevirtuesofstyle,thoughthestylewillvary,naturally,fromwritertowriter;(4)itwillsecurevarietyofexpressionthroughdictionandthroughsentencestructure.Prose,interestinglyenough,hasinallliteraturesdevelopedmoreslowlythanverse.
(adaptedfromWilliamFlintThrall,AddisonHibbardandC.HughHolman)
Essay(随笔,小品文)Amoderatelybriefprosediscussionofarestrictedtopic.Becauseofthewideapplicationoftheterm,nosatisfactorydefinitioncanbearrivedat.Norisawhollyacceptable“classification”ofessaytypespossible.Abasicandveryusefuldivisioncan,however,bemade:
formalandinformalessays.Theinformalessay,sometimescalledthe“true”essay,includesmoderatelybriefaphoristic(警句似的,格言似的)essayslikeBacon’s,periodicalessayslikeAddison’s,andpersonalessayslikeLamb’s.Qualitieswhichmakeanessayinformalinclude:
thepersonalelement(self-revelation,individualtastesandexperiences,confidentialmanner),humor,gracefulstyle,ramblingstructure,unconventionalityornoveltyoftheme,freshnessofform,freedomfromstiffnessandaffectation,incompleteortentativetreatmentoftopic.Thepointsofviewandwiderangeofthemesintheinformalessaymaybesuggestedbycitingafewtypicaltitles:
“OntheEnjoymentofUnpleasantPlaces”(Stevenson),“ACureforFitsinMarriedLadies”(Steele),“AChapteronEars”(Lamb),“ADissertationonRoastPig”(Lamb),“GettingUponColdMornings”(Hunt),“OnGoingaJourney”(Hazlitt---advocatingthesolitaryhike),“EveryMan’sNaturalDesiretoBeSomebodyElse”(Crothers).Qualitiesoftheformalessayinclude:
soberseriousnessofpurpose,dignity,logicalorganization,length.Thetermmayincludebothshortdiscussions,expositoryorargumentative,suchastheseriousmagazinearticle,andlongertreatises,likethechaptersinCarlyle’sHeroandHero-worship.
(adaptedfromWilliamFlintThrall,AddisonHibbardandC.HughHolman)
ClassicEssay:
Inliterarystudiesandcriticism,theterm“classic”isverybroadandcomprehensiveinmeaning.Itmayreferto:
(1)theworksofthehighestrankinanynation,aseverynation,bigorsmall,hasatleastoneperiodthatseesgreatestworks;
(2)GreekorRomanliterature,oranyworkthatfollowstheGreekandRomantraditionofwriting;and(3)theworksthatconformtostrictrulesorelegantforms,producedfromintellectratherthanimagination,andavoidingobscurityorself-indulgence.
Ofthespecificliterarygenres,thetermisusedinmuchthesameway.Generallyspeaking,theclassicessaypossessesthefollowingcharacteristicsofclassicliterature:
1.Classicliteratureisofclarity,splendour,sublimity,andphilosophicality.Andthesepropertiesarecommoninalmostallclassicessays,asthosebyAristotle,Cicero,Confucius,Montaigne,Bacon,Emersonandthekind.
2.InWesternliteraturethereisalwaysalastingtraitofGreekandRomanvigourwhichfostersaclassictemperamentintheliterarymindsofmanygenerations.ClassicessayistsasBaconandPopedirectlyorindirectlyadoptmuchofHomer,Horace(注:
Romanlyricpoet.HisOdesandSatireshaveexertedamajorinfluenceonEnglishpoetry.),Virgil(注:
Romanpoet.HisgreatestworkistheepicpoemAeneid,whichtellsofthewanderingsofAeneasafterthesackofTroy.),Ovid(注:
Romanpoetknownforhisexplorationsoflove,especiallytheArtofLove(c.1b.c.)andMetamorphoses变形记(c.a.d.8).)orSenecainsubjects,styles,andevenlanguageitself.Theircompositionsarethereforeoftypicalclassicbeautyandstrength.
3.Greatimportanceisplaceduponstrictrules,elegantforms,refineddiction,confinedsyntax,andbalancedtexture,inallclassicliteratureincludingtheclassicessay,whichismoreflexible,though.Yetsomeessayists,suchasthoseoftheAugustanEnglandandsocomparabletotheTongchengSchoolofChina,complysostrictlywiththeclassicstandardsthattheirworksbearmuchaffectation,elaboration,andnon-naturalness.TheselinguisticfeaturesaresotruetoclassicessayistsinEngland.
4.Theclassicessayisascomprehensiveinsubjectmattersandstylesasinallclassicliterature.Insubjects,theclassicessaydealswithavarietyofthemes:
philosophy,literarycriticism,arts,politics,history,socialproblems,travels,andotheraspectsoflife.Itsstyle,however,varieswitheveryindividualessayist.Forexample,Ciceroisgracefullyeloquent;Baconisweightyandhighlysententious(警句的,富于格言的);Swiftisdeceptivelyplainandsatiricallyforceful;Addisonis“familiarbutnotcoarse,elegantbutnotostentatious(炫耀的).”
InTermsofliteraryhistory,theclassicessay,muchinthesamewayastheclassicliterature,includes
(1)theworksoftheindividualessayistsbeforeclassicismflourishedasaliteraryclimate,whichmightbetermedasthepre-classicessay;
(2)theworksmass-producedintheClassicAgewhenclassicismwasaconsciousliterarypursuitandaprevailingliterarymode;(3)theworkscreatedintheNeoclassicAge,whichmightbereferredtoastheneoclassicessay;(4)theworksoftheindividualessayistwhocomplywiththeclassicstandardsinthetimesaftertheClassicandNeoclassicAgeswhenclassicismdeclined.
Classicwriterspreparedmuchformodernliterature;modernessayistsorprosewritersowemuchtoclassicessays,withoutwhich,assomeliterarycriticsbelieve,theywouldhavetobuildtheirliterarycastlejustonthequicksand.
LessonTwo:
OfMarriageandSingleLife(FrancisBacon)
OfMarriageandSingleLife
HEthathathwifeandchildrenhathgivenhostagestofortune;fortheyareimpedimentstogreatenterprises,eitherofvirtueormischief.Certainlythebestworks,andofgreatestmeritforthepublic,haveproceededfromtheunmarriedorchildlessmen,whichbothinaffectionandmeanshavemarriedandendowedthepublic.Yetitweregreatreasonthatthosethathavechildrenshouldhavegreatestcareoffuturetimes,untowhichtheyknowtheymusttransmittheirdearestpledges.Sometherearewho,thoughtheyleadasinglelife,yettheirthoughtsdoendwiththemselves,andaccountfuturetimesimpertinences.Nay,therearesomeotherthataccountwifeandchildrenbutasbillsofcharges.Naymore,therearesomefoolishrichcovetousmenthattakeaprideinhavingnochildren,becausetheymaybethoughtsomuchthericher.Forperhapstheyhaveheardsometalk,“Suchaoneisagreatrichman”,andanotherexcepttoit,“Yea,buthehathagreatchargeofchildren”,asifitwereanabatementtohisriches.Butthemostordinarycauseofasinglelifeisliberty,especiallyincertainself-pleasingandhumorousminds,whicharesosensibleofeveryrestraint,astheywillgoneartothinktheirgirdlesandgarterstobebondsandshackles.Unmarriedmenarebestfriends,bestmasters,bestservants,butnotalwaysbestsubjects,fortheyarelighttorunaway,andalmostallfugitivesareofthatcondition.Asinglelifedothwellwithchurchmen,forcharitywillhardlywaterthegroundwhereitmustfirstfillapool.Itisindifferentforjudgesandmagistrates,foriftheybefacileandcorrupt,youshallhaveaservantfivetimesworsethanawife.Forsoldiers,Ifindthegeneralscommonlyintheirhortativesputmeninmindoftheirwivesandchildren;andIthinkthedespisingofmarriageamongsttheTurksmakeththevulgarsoldiermorebase.Certainlywifeandchildrenareakindofdisciplineofhumanity;andsinglemen,thoughtheymaybemany