剑桥初级语法笔记.docx
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剑桥初级语法笔记
现在时
3、现在进行时:
lamdoing
以下动词不可用于现在进行时:
like
love
want
know
understand
remembe
depend
prefer
hate
need
r
mean
believe
forget
4、现在进行时的疑问式:
Areyoudoing
5、一般现在时:
Ido/work/like等
一般现在时用来表示一般性的事实、有时或经常发生的事情:
Ilikebig
cities.
Always/never/often/usually/sometimes常与一般现在时连用:
Inevereat
breakfast.
6、一般现在时的否定式:
Idon'thedoesn't+动词原形
Idon'thaveabatheveryday.
【everyday表每天,作状语;everyday表每天的,形容词】
7、一般现在时的疑问式:
Doyou…
Do/does
主语
动词原
形
Do
you
work
on
Sundays
Do
your
live
near
friends
here
Does
Anne
play
tennis
Where
do
Your
live
friends
How
do
you
wash
your
often
hair
What
does
This
mean
word
How
does
it
cost
tofly
much
toRome
*Whatdoyoudo表示“你是做什么工作的”
8、have/havegot
(1)
have=havegot
has=hasgot
Don't
Doesn't
have=haven'tgot
have=hasn'tgot
Doyouhave=have
Doeshehave=has
yougot
hegot
(2)have表“吃、
喝、拿”时,不能用havegot代替
have
have
breakfast/lunch/dinner
haveameal/apizza/asandwich
haveacupofcoffee
havesthtoeat/drink
(3)下列短语中,要用have
have
haveabath/ashower
havearest/aholiday/aparty
haveanicetime/agoodtrip/fun
haveawalk/aswim/agame
haveadream/anaccident
haveababy
havealook
15、现在完成时
(1)havedone
(2)just/already/yet
Just表“刚才”:
we'vejustarrived.
Already表“已经”(在预料之前):
they'vealreadyarrived.(二beforeyouexpected)
Yet表“直到现在”(用于否定句和疑问句中):
theyhaven'tarrivedyet.
(3)现在完成时与ever(用于疑问句中)/never连用:
Haveyoueverplayed
golf
(4)gone表“去而未归”:
shehasgonetoChina.
Been表“去而已归”:
hehasbeentoChina.
(5)Hbwlonghaveyou…
ShehasbeeninIrelandsinceMonday/forthreedays.
一般现在时
现在完成时
DanandKatearemarried.
Theyhavebeenmarriedforfouryears.
Areyoumarried
Howlonghaveyoubeenmarried
现在进行时
现在完成进行时
I'mlearningEnglish.
HowlonghaveyoubeenlearningEnglish
25、whatareyoudoingtomorrow
Iamdoingsomethingtomorrow表示“我已经安排好明天要做某事/我计划
明天做某事”
Iamgoingtodosomething.同上(begoingto与will的区另U)
注意:
用一般现在时表示时间表、节目单、火车与公共汽车时刻表等:
Thetrain
arrivesat.
27、will/shall
Ishallbelatetomorrow.=Iwillbelatetomorrow.
在构成将来时的时候,不可将shall与you/they/it/he/she等非第一人称连用:
Tomwillbelate.(而不能Tomshallbelate.)
(2)Ill…表“提议或决定做某事”:
I'llphoneyoutomorrow.
IthinkI'll/ldon'tthinkI'll…表“决定做某事”:
IthinkIllgotobedearlytonight.
(3)ShallI…/Shallwe…表“你认为…好吗”
28、might=may
29、can/could:
could为过去式
30、must/mustn't/don'tneedto
(1)表示过去时,用hadto而不用must:
Wehadtowalkhomelastnight.
(2)don'tneedto=don'thaveto
31、should
(1)Ithink…should/Idon'tthink….should/doyouthink…should
(2)oughtto=should
32、Ihaveto
(1)表过去时,用hadto
(2)表示认为有必要做某事或提出个人看法时,must或haveto都可以
不是表个人看法时,只能用haveto:
Eg:
Youcan'tparkyourcarherefornothing.Youhavetopay.
个人看法)
/Youhavetoseeit.
It'safantasticfilm.Youmustseeit.
33、Iusedto/Ididn'tusedto/didyouuseto
38、therehasbeen/therehavebeen
一般过去时
现在完成时
Therewasanaccidentlast
Look!
There'sbeenan
night.
accident.
Whenwearrivedatthe
Thisroadisverydangerous.
theatre,therewasalongqueue
Therehavebeenmanyaccidents.
outside.
Whyarethosepolicemenoutsidethebank
There'sbeen/therewasarobbery.
41、反义疑问句
Haveyou/areyou/don'tyou表“对某事感兴趣或感到惊奇”
I'veboughtanewcar.
Oh,haveyou
记住:
前否后肯,前肯后否
It'saniceday,isn'tit
Thatisn'tyourcar,isit
42、too/eithersoamI/neitherdoI
(1)
句尾
too(肯定)
I'mhappytoo.
either(否定)
I'mnothappy
either.
I'mhappy.
SoamI
(sowashe/sodo
I/sowouldI)
I'mnot
I'mnothappy
NeitheramI
(可用nor代替neither)
Iam
(2)both+复数名词
either/neither单数名词,谓语动词用单数
both
(of)
the…
either
of
these/those…
neither
my/your/Paul's
44、疑问句
(1)isit•••/haveyou/dothey…whyisn't/whydon't…
(2)whosawyou/whodidyousee
(3)以特殊疑问词幵头的句子,介词位于句尾:
whereareyoufrom
(4)what'sitlike/whataretheylike表询问某事物的情况新旧、
好坏、大小等
(5)疑问词
what
What+名词
Whattime…/what
size
不加名词
What'syour
name
which
Which+名词(物/人)
Whichtraindid
youcatch
不加名词时,不指代
人
Whichisbiggest
how
How形容词/副词
Howtallareyou
Howdeep/howheavy/howhigh/howbig…
What(范围更
广)
Which(选择较
少)
What'sthecapitalofArgentina
Whichcolourdoyouprefer,pinkoryellow
52、不定式与-ing形式
动词+不定式
want
plan
decide
try
+to…(t
hope
expect
offer
forget
owork/to
need
promise
refuse
learn
do/tobe)
动词+-ing
enjoy
stop
suggest
+-ing(doing/work
ing)
mind
finish
动词+-ing或不定式
like
love
start
continu
+-ing/t
e
o…
prefer
hate
begin
55、
goto
gotowork
gotoschool
gotouniversity
gotohospital
gotoprison
gotobed
gotosleep
gotochurch
gotothebank/thetheatre/theairport
gohome
gotothe
doctor/dentist
(be)atwork
(be)atschool
(be)at
university
(be)in
hospital
(be)inprison
(be)inbed
(be)in/at
church
(be)athome
goon
goonholiday
goonatrip
goonatour
goonanexcursion
goonacruise
goonastrike
gofor
goforawalk
goforarun
goforaswim
goforadrink
goformeal
go(going/went/gone)
shoppingswimmingfishingsailingskiingjogging
56、
get+名词(收到/买到/找到
某物)
getajob/getaletter
get+交通工具
getabus
getatrain
getataxi
get+形容词(变得..)
gethungry
getcold
gettired
getto+地点(到达)
gettowork
gettoNY
(gethere/gethome)
get的短语
getinacar
getoutofacar
getonabus
getoffabus
getmarried(结婚)
getdressed(穿衣)
getlost(迷路)
57、do与make
do
doanexamdoatestdoacoursedohomeworkdohouseworkdosomebodyafavourdoanexercisedotheshopping
dothewashing洗衣服
dothewashing-up洗碗
dotheironing熨烫
dothecooking
make
makeamistake
makeanappointment
makeaphonecall
makealist
makeanoise
makeabed
makeafilm拍电影
takeaphotograph拍照
66、名词
在英语中,下列词语以复数出现:
scissorsglassestrousersjeansshortstightspyjamaspeoplepolice
以下名词通常不可数
advicebreadfurniturehairinformationnewsweatherwork
abottleof
water
acartonof
milk
abarofchocolate/aboxofchocolates
apieceof
cheese
abottleof
perfume
apieceofmusic
abowlof
rice
acupofcoffee
agameoftennis
73、the的用法
thesunthemoontheworldtheskytheseathe
country
thepolicethefirebrigadethearmy
thetoptheendthemiddletheleft
thepianotheguitarthetrumpet
theradio
theInternet
、八,
注意:
1.television/TV不用the:
IwatchTValot.但是canyouturn
offtheTV(二theTVset)
2.breakfast/lunch/dinner等不力口the
3.next/last+week/month/year/summer等不力口the
4.球类名词前不加the
5.学科名词前不加the
the…(地名)
1.地域名称前般不用the
France/Japan/Peru
2.与国家、岛屿、山脉等名称
的复数形式连用
theAlps/the
Philippines/the
Netherlands/theCanaryIslands
3.洋、海、江、河的名称前用
the
theAtlantic/theAmazon/the
Nile/theBlacksea
4.街道、广场等名称前不用
the
livesinNewton
Street/HighfieldRoad/Times
Square
5.机场、车站、大学、城堡等
重要建筑物不用the
KennedyAirport/London
Zoo/VictoriaStation
6.宾馆、影院、剧院、博物馆
的名称前要用the
theRegentHotel/the
NationalTheatre/theScienee
Museum
7.表方位时用the
thenorth/south/east/westof…
77、not+any/no/more
(1)not+any二no….二nota
(2)no…通常用于have(got)与thereis/are之后
(3)动词否定形式+any=动词肯定形式+no
(4)no之后接名词、none可单独使用
None表示“无”;no-one表示“没人
nobody=not+anybody
no-one二not+anyone
nothing=not+anything
80、every/all
(1)every+单数名词,谓语动词用单数
(2)everywhere是畐寸词
allmostsomeanyno
+
citieschildrenbooksmoney
all
(of)
the…
this/that…these/those…my/your…
mostsomeanynone
of
83、alot/much/many/(a)little/(a)few
(1)alotof+可数/不可数,也可不跟名词
(2)much环可数,用于否定句与疑问句,也可不跟名词
(3)many+复数
(4)
alittle+
但不多”
不可数
表“有一点
afew+复数表“有一点但是
不多”
little+
不可数
表“几乎没
few+复数表“几乎没有”
有”
88、abitolder/mucholder
Abitolderthan
Abitmoredifficultthan
Muchbetterthan
Muchmoreexpensivethan…
89、notas…as
Notasmuchas….
Notasmanyas…
Thesameas….
90、theoldest/themostexpensive
可用最高级+1'veever…./you'veever….等:
Thefilmwasverybad.Ithinkit'stheworstfilmI'veeverseen.
Whatisthemostunusualthingyou'veeverdone
91、enough/too
enoughforsb/sth
too•-forsb/sth
enoughtodosth
too…todosth
enoughforsb/sthtodo
too•-forsbtodo
sth
sth
93、词序
(1)地点状语位于时间状语之前:
wewenttoapartylastnight.
(2)
.I
always
drink
always/never/often等词用于动词之前,be动词之后,两个动词之间:
alwaysofteneverrarelyalsoalreadyall
usuallysometimesneverseldomjuststill
bothcoffee
inthemorning.
Iamalwaystired.
Iwillalwaysrememberyou./Icanneverfindmykeys.
96、give/lend/pass/send/show/buy/get
givesthtosb
givesbsth
注意:
当某物为代词it或them时,用第一种结构比较好:
Igaveittomy
father.
98、when
(1)当以when幵头时,两部分用逗号隔幵:
WhenIwentout,itwasraining.
(2)—般现在时用于when之后表示将来:
LisawillbeinMexicowhenSarahisinNewYork.
WhenIgethomethisevening,I'mgoingtohaveashower.
(3)before/while/after/until的用法类似:
Pleaseclosethewindowbeforeyougoout.
I'llwaithereuntilyoucomeback.
99、if
(1)if之后常用一般现在时:
IfyouseeAnntomorrow,canyouaskhertocallme
Whatshallwedoifitrains
(2)ifI/you/he/she/they/ithadI/you/hewould….
ifI/it/he/shewas…或ifI/it/he/shewere….(这里的动词都是过去式)
If
I
had/knew/lived/we
I
would(n
buy
y
nt…
you
't)
・・・
ou
didn't
it
could(n
be
i
have/didn'tknow…
the
't)
・・・
t
were…
y
hav
t
could…
・・・
e…
hey
go
・・
•
・・・
在这种句子里,句意表示