剑桥初级语法笔记.docx

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剑桥初级语法笔记.docx

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剑桥初级语法笔记.docx

剑桥初级语法笔记

现在时

3、现在进行时:

lamdoing

以下动词不可用于现在进行时:

like

love

want

know

understand

remembe

depend

prefer

hate

need

r

mean

believe

forget

4、现在进行时的疑问式:

Areyoudoing

5、一般现在时:

Ido/work/like等

一般现在时用来表示一般性的事实、有时或经常发生的事情:

Ilikebig

cities.

Always/never/often/usually/sometimes常与一般现在时连用:

Inevereat

breakfast.

6、一般现在时的否定式:

Idon'thedoesn't+动词原形

Idon'thaveabatheveryday.

【everyday表每天,作状语;everyday表每天的,形容词】

7、一般现在时的疑问式:

Doyou…

Do/does

主语

动词原

Do

you

work

on

Sundays

Do

your

live

near

friends

here

Does

Anne

play

tennis

Where

do

Your

live

friends

How

do

you

wash

your

often

hair

What

does

This

mean

word

How

does

it

cost

tofly

much

toRome

*Whatdoyoudo表示“你是做什么工作的”

8、have/havegot

(1)

have=havegot

has=hasgot

Don't

Doesn't

have=haven'tgot

have=hasn'tgot

Doyouhave=have

Doeshehave=has

yougot

hegot

(2)have表“吃、

喝、拿”时,不能用havegot代替

have

have

breakfast/lunch/dinner

haveameal/apizza/asandwich

haveacupofcoffee

havesthtoeat/drink

(3)下列短语中,要用have

have

haveabath/ashower

havearest/aholiday/aparty

haveanicetime/agoodtrip/fun

haveawalk/aswim/agame

haveadream/anaccident

haveababy

havealook

15、现在完成时

(1)havedone

(2)just/already/yet

Just表“刚才”:

we'vejustarrived.

Already表“已经”(在预料之前):

they'vealreadyarrived.(二beforeyouexpected)

Yet表“直到现在”(用于否定句和疑问句中):

theyhaven'tarrivedyet.

(3)现在完成时与ever(用于疑问句中)/never连用:

Haveyoueverplayed

golf

(4)gone表“去而未归”:

shehasgonetoChina.

Been表“去而已归”:

hehasbeentoChina.

(5)Hbwlonghaveyou…

ShehasbeeninIrelandsinceMonday/forthreedays.

一般现在时

现在完成时

DanandKatearemarried.

Theyhavebeenmarriedforfouryears.

Areyoumarried

Howlonghaveyoubeenmarried

现在进行时

现在完成进行时

I'mlearningEnglish.

HowlonghaveyoubeenlearningEnglish

25、whatareyoudoingtomorrow

Iamdoingsomethingtomorrow表示“我已经安排好明天要做某事/我计划

明天做某事”

Iamgoingtodosomething.同上(begoingto与will的区另U)

注意:

用一般现在时表示时间表、节目单、火车与公共汽车时刻表等:

Thetrain

arrivesat.

27、will/shall

Ishallbelatetomorrow.=Iwillbelatetomorrow.

在构成将来时的时候,不可将shall与you/they/it/he/she等非第一人称连用:

Tomwillbelate.(而不能Tomshallbelate.)

(2)Ill…表“提议或决定做某事”:

I'llphoneyoutomorrow.

IthinkI'll/ldon'tthinkI'll…表“决定做某事”:

IthinkIllgotobedearlytonight.

(3)ShallI…/Shallwe…表“你认为…好吗”

28、might=may

29、can/could:

could为过去式

30、must/mustn't/don'tneedto

(1)表示过去时,用hadto而不用must:

Wehadtowalkhomelastnight.

(2)don'tneedto=don'thaveto

31、should

(1)Ithink…should/Idon'tthink….should/doyouthink…should

(2)oughtto=should

32、Ihaveto

(1)表过去时,用hadto

(2)表示认为有必要做某事或提出个人看法时,must或haveto都可以

不是表个人看法时,只能用haveto:

Eg:

Youcan'tparkyourcarherefornothing.Youhavetopay.

个人看法)

 

/Youhavetoseeit.

It'safantasticfilm.Youmustseeit.

33、Iusedto/Ididn'tusedto/didyouuseto

38、therehasbeen/therehavebeen

一般过去时

现在完成时

Therewasanaccidentlast

Look!

There'sbeenan

night.

accident.

Whenwearrivedatthe

Thisroadisverydangerous.

theatre,therewasalongqueue

Therehavebeenmanyaccidents.

outside.

Whyarethosepolicemenoutsidethebank

There'sbeen/therewasarobbery.

41、反义疑问句

Haveyou/areyou/don'tyou表“对某事感兴趣或感到惊奇”

I'veboughtanewcar.

Oh,haveyou

记住:

前否后肯,前肯后否

It'saniceday,isn'tit

Thatisn'tyourcar,isit

42、too/eithersoamI/neitherdoI

(1)

句尾

too(肯定)

I'mhappytoo.

either(否定)

I'mnothappy

either.

I'mhappy.

SoamI

(sowashe/sodo

I/sowouldI)

I'mnot

I'mnothappy

NeitheramI

(可用nor代替neither)

Iam

(2)both+复数名词

either/neither单数名词,谓语动词用单数

both

(of)

the…

either

of

these/those…

neither

my/your/Paul's

44、疑问句

(1)isit•••/haveyou/dothey…whyisn't/whydon't…

(2)whosawyou/whodidyousee

(3)以特殊疑问词幵头的句子,介词位于句尾:

whereareyoufrom

(4)what'sitlike/whataretheylike表询问某事物的情况新旧、

好坏、大小等

(5)疑问词

what

What+名词

Whattime…/what

size

不加名词

What'syour

name

which

Which+名词(物/人)

Whichtraindid

youcatch

不加名词时,不指代

Whichisbiggest

how

How形容词/副词

Howtallareyou

Howdeep/howheavy/howhigh/howbig…

What(范围更

广)

Which(选择较

少)

What'sthecapitalofArgentina

Whichcolourdoyouprefer,pinkoryellow

52、不定式与-ing形式

动词+不定式

want

plan

decide

try

+to…(t

hope

expect

offer

forget

owork/to

need

promise

refuse

learn

do/tobe)

 

动词+-ing

enjoy

stop

suggest

+-ing(doing/work

ing)

mind

finish

动词+-ing或不定式

like

love

start

continu

+-ing/t

e

o…

prefer

hate

begin

55、

 

goto

gotowork

gotoschool

gotouniversity

gotohospital

gotoprison

gotobed

gotosleep

gotochurch

gotothebank/thetheatre/theairport

gohome

gotothe

doctor/dentist

(be)atwork

(be)atschool

(be)at

university

(be)in

hospital

(be)inprison

(be)inbed

(be)in/at

church

(be)athome

goon

goonholiday

goonatrip

goonatour

goonanexcursion

goonacruise

goonastrike

gofor

goforawalk

goforarun

goforaswim

goforadrink

goformeal

go(going/went/gone)

shoppingswimmingfishingsailingskiingjogging

 

56、

get+名词(收到/买到/找到

某物)

getajob/getaletter

get+交通工具

getabus

getatrain

getataxi

get+形容词(变得..)

gethungry

getcold

gettired

getto+地点(到达)

gettowork

gettoNY

(gethere/gethome)

get的短语

getinacar

getoutofacar

getonabus

getoffabus

getmarried(结婚)

getdressed(穿衣)

getlost(迷路)

 

57、do与make

do

doanexamdoatestdoacoursedohomeworkdohouseworkdosomebodyafavourdoanexercisedotheshopping

dothewashing洗衣服

dothewashing-up洗碗

dotheironing熨烫

dothecooking

make

makeamistake

makeanappointment

makeaphonecall

makealist

makeanoise

makeabed

makeafilm拍电影

takeaphotograph拍照

66、名词

在英语中,下列词语以复数出现:

scissorsglassestrousersjeansshortstightspyjamaspeoplepolice

以下名词通常不可数

advicebreadfurniturehairinformationnewsweatherwork

abottleof

water

acartonof

milk

abarofchocolate/aboxofchocolates

apieceof

cheese

abottleof

perfume

apieceofmusic

abowlof

rice

acupofcoffee

agameoftennis

73、the的用法

thesunthemoontheworldtheskytheseathe

country

thepolicethefirebrigadethearmy

thetoptheendthemiddletheleft

thepianotheguitarthetrumpet

theradio

theInternet

、八,

注意:

1.television/TV不用the:

IwatchTValot.但是canyouturn

offtheTV(二theTVset)

2.breakfast/lunch/dinner等不力口the

3.next/last+week/month/year/summer等不力口the

4.球类名词前不加the

5.学科名词前不加the

the…(地名)

1.地域名称前般不用the

France/Japan/Peru

2.与国家、岛屿、山脉等名称

的复数形式连用

theAlps/the

Philippines/the

Netherlands/theCanaryIslands

3.洋、海、江、河的名称前用

the

theAtlantic/theAmazon/the

Nile/theBlacksea

4.街道、广场等名称前不用

the

livesinNewton

Street/HighfieldRoad/Times

Square

5.机场、车站、大学、城堡等

重要建筑物不用the

KennedyAirport/London

Zoo/VictoriaStation

6.宾馆、影院、剧院、博物馆

的名称前要用the

theRegentHotel/the

NationalTheatre/theScienee

Museum

7.表方位时用the

thenorth/south/east/westof…

77、not+any/no/more

(1)not+any二no….二nota

(2)no…通常用于have(got)与thereis/are之后

(3)动词否定形式+any=动词肯定形式+no

(4)no之后接名词、none可单独使用

None表示“无”;no-one表示“没人

nobody=not+anybody

no-one二not+anyone

nothing=not+anything

80、every/all

(1)every+单数名词,谓语动词用单数

(2)everywhere是畐寸词

allmostsomeanyno

+

citieschildrenbooksmoney

all

(of)

the…

this/that…these/those…my/your…

mostsomeanynone

of

83、alot/much/many/(a)little/(a)few

(1)alotof+可数/不可数,也可不跟名词

(2)much环可数,用于否定句与疑问句,也可不跟名词

(3)many+复数

(4)

alittle+

但不多”

不可数

表“有一点

afew+复数表“有一点但是

不多”

little+

不可数

表“几乎没

few+复数表“几乎没有”

有”

88、abitolder/mucholder

Abitolderthan

Abitmoredifficultthan

Muchbetterthan

Muchmoreexpensivethan…

89、notas…as

Notasmuchas….

Notasmanyas…

Thesameas….

90、theoldest/themostexpensive

可用最高级+1'veever…./you'veever….等:

Thefilmwasverybad.Ithinkit'stheworstfilmI'veeverseen.

Whatisthemostunusualthingyou'veeverdone

91、enough/too

enoughforsb/sth

too•-forsb/sth

enoughtodosth

too…todosth

enoughforsb/sthtodo

too•-forsbtodo

sth

sth

93、词序

(1)地点状语位于时间状语之前:

wewenttoapartylastnight.

(2)

.I

always

drink

always/never/often等词用于动词之前,be动词之后,两个动词之间:

alwaysofteneverrarelyalsoalreadyall

usuallysometimesneverseldomjuststill

bothcoffee

inthemorning.

Iamalwaystired.

Iwillalwaysrememberyou./Icanneverfindmykeys.

96、give/lend/pass/send/show/buy/get

givesthtosb

givesbsth

注意:

当某物为代词it或them时,用第一种结构比较好:

Igaveittomy

father.

98、when

(1)当以when幵头时,两部分用逗号隔幵:

WhenIwentout,itwasraining.

(2)—般现在时用于when之后表示将来:

LisawillbeinMexicowhenSarahisinNewYork.

WhenIgethomethisevening,I'mgoingtohaveashower.

(3)before/while/after/until的用法类似:

Pleaseclosethewindowbeforeyougoout.

I'llwaithereuntilyoucomeback.

99、if

(1)if之后常用一般现在时:

IfyouseeAnntomorrow,canyouaskhertocallme

Whatshallwedoifitrains

(2)ifI/you/he/she/they/ithadI/you/hewould….

ifI/it/he/shewas…或ifI/it/he/shewere….(这里的动词都是过去式)

If

I

had/knew/lived/we

I

would(n

buy

y

nt…

you

't)

・・・

ou

didn't

it

could(n

be

i

have/didn'tknow…

the

't)

・・・

t

were…

y

hav

t

could…

・・・

e…

hey

go

・・

・・・

在这种句子里,句意表示

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