华中科技大学招收博士研究生入学考试试题含答案.docx

华中科技大学招收博士研究生入学考试试题含答案.docx

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华中科技大学招收博士研究生入学考试试题含答案

华中科技大学2009年招收博士研究生入学考试试题

PartICloze（0.5x20=10%）

Directions:

Inthispartyouareaskedtochoosethebestwordforeachblankinthepassage.Writeyouranswersontheanswersheet.

Theteacherofreadingisinvolved,whetherthisisconsciouslyrealizedornot,inthedevelopmentofaliteratesociety.Andeveryteacher,1,needstodeterminewhatlevelofliteracyis2bysociety,whatroleheorsheshouldtakein3thedesiredstandardofliteracy,andwhattheimplicationsofliteracyareinaworldcontext.

TheUnescoreportpresentsaworld4ofliteracy.Toooftenwelimitourthoughtstothe5smallproportionofilliteratesinourowncountryandfailtoseeitinitsinternational6.

Theproblems7developingnationsarealsofacingindustrializednations.Literacy,asthereportpointsout,is‘inextricablyintertwinedwithotheraspectsofnationaldevelopment…（and）…nationaldevelopmentasawholeisbound8withtheworldcontext’.Literacyisnotaby-productofsocialandeconomicaldevelopment–itisa9ofthatdevelopment.Literacycanhelppeopletofunctionmoreeffectivelyinachanging10andideallywillenabletheindividualtochangetheenvironmentsothatitfunctionsmoreeffectively.

Literacyprogammes11indifferentcountrieshavetakenandaretakingdifferent12totheproblem:

forexampletheinvolvementofvoluntarynon-governmentalorganizations,which13theimportanceofseeingliteracynotasaconditionimposedonpeoplebutasaconsequenceofactiveparticipation14society.Peoplecanlearnfromtheattemptsofothercountriestoprovideas15‘literacyenvironment’.

Whoarethe‘illiterates’andhowdowedefinethem?

Atwhatpointdowedecidethatilliteracyendsandliteracybegins?

RobertHillerich16thesequestions.Anilliterate,hefinds,‘maymeananythingfromonewhohasnoformalschoolingtoonewhohasattendedfouryearsorless,toonewhoisunabletoreadorwriteatthelevelnecessaryto17successfullyinhissocialposition.’Literacy,hepointsout,isnotsomethingoneeitherhasorhasnotgot:

‘Anydefinitionofliteracymustrecognizethisqualityasacontinuum,representingall18ofdevelopment.’

Aneducationaldefinition–i.e.intermsofgradescompletedorskillsmastered–isshowntobeinadequatein19educationallydefinedmasterymaybearonlyminimalrelationtothelanguageproficiencyneededincopingwithenvironmentaldemands.Fromasociological/economicviewpointtheliteracyneedsofindividualsvarygreatly,andanydefinitionmustrecognizetheneedsoftheindividualtoengageeffectivelyandtoact20responsibleparticipation.

Suchabroadeneddefinitionexcludesassessmentbasedona‘reading-leveltype’;assessmentmust,rather,beflexibletofitbothpurposeandpopulation.

1.A.thereforeB.inadditionC.howeverD.nevertheless

2.A.askedB.knownC.demandedD.obtained

3.A.achievingB.gettingC.fulfillingD.accomplishing

4.A.opinionB.ideaC.pointD.view

5.A.relativelyB.particularlyC.possiblyD.definitely

6.A.situationB.contextC.environmentD.atmosphere

7.A.facingB.confrontingC.encounteringD.meeting

8.A.toB.inC.upD.across

9.A.componentB.elementC.ingredientD.factor

10.A.tendencyB.environmentC.inclinationD.development

11.A.institutedB.rootedC.deprivedD.revealed

12.A.waysB.methodsC.approachesD.means

13.A.underlinesB.indicatesC.impliesD.understates

14.A.intoB.withinC.inD.inside

15.A.adequateB.abundantC.overD.plenty

16.A.demandsB.addressesC.remainsD.maintains

17.A.performB.doC.participateD.anticipate

18.A.extentsB.formsC.degreesD.standards

19.A.thatB.whatC.whichD.such

20.A.inB.forC.againstD.with

PartII.Readingcomprehension（20x2=40%）

Directions:

Therearefourpassagesinthispart.Aftereachpassage,therearefivequestions.Youaretochoosethebestanswerforeachquestion.Writeyouranswersontheanswersheet.

PassageOne

Inthecompetitivemodel----theeconomyofmanysellerseachwithasmallshareofthetotalmarket----therestraintontheprivateexerciseofeconomicpowerwasprovidedbyotherfirmsonthesamesideofthemarket.Itwastheeagernessofcompetitorstosell,notthecomplaintsofbuyers,thatsavedthelatterfromspoliation.Itwasassumed,nodoubtaccurately,thatthenineteenth-centurytextilemanufacturerwhooverchargedforhisproductwouldpromptlylosehismarkettoanothermanufacturerwhodidnot.Ifallmanufacturersfoundthemselvesinapositionwheretheycouldexploitastrongdemand,andmarkuptheirpricesaccordingly,therewouldsoonbeaninflowofnewcompetitors.Theresultingincreaseinsupplywouldbringpricesandprofitsbacktonormal.

Aswiththesellerwhowastemptedtousehiseconomicpoweragainstthecustomer,sowiththebuyerwhowastemptedtouseitagainsthislabororsuppliers,themanwhopaidlessthantheprevailingwagewouldlosehislaborforcetothosewhopaidtheworkerhisfull（marginal）contributiontotheearningsofthefirm.Inallcasestheincentivetosociallydesirablebehaviorwasprovidedbythecompetitor.Itwastothesamesideofthemarket----therestraintofsellersbyothersellersandofbuyersbyotherbuyers,inotherwordstocompetition----thateconomistscametolookfortheself-regulatorymechanismsoftheeconomy.

Theyalsocametolooktocompetitionexclusivelyandinformal;theorystilldo.Thenotionthattheremightbeanotherregulatorymechanismintheeconomyhadbeenalmostcompletelyexcludedfromeconomicthought.Thus,withthewidespreaddisappearanceofcompetitioninitsclassicalfromanditsreplacementbythesmallgroupoffirmsifnotinovert,atleastinconventionalortacit,collusion,itwaseasytosupposethatsincecompetitionhaddisappeared,alleffectiverestraintonprivatepowerhaddisappeared.Indeed,thisconclusionwasallbutinevitableifnosearchwasmadeforotherrestraints,andsocompletewasthepreoccupationwithcompetitionthatnonewasmade.

Infact,newrestraintsonprivatepowerdidappeartoreplacecompetition.Theywerenurturedbythesameprocessofconcentrationwhichimpairedordestroyedcompetition.Buttheyappearednotonthesamesideofthemarketbutontheoppositeside,notwithcompetitorsbutwithcustomersorsuppliers.ItwillbeconvenienttohaveanameforthiscounterpartofcompetitionandIshallcallitcountervailingpower.

Tobeginwithabroadandsomewhattoodogmaticallystatedproposition,privateeconomicpowerisheldincheckbythecountervailingpowerofthosewhoaresubjecttoit.Thefirstbegetsthesecond.Thelongtrendtowardconcentrationofindustrialenterpriseinthehandsofarelativelyfewfirmshasbroughtintoexistencenotonlystrongsellers,aseconomistshavesupposed,butalsostrongbuyers,afacttheyhavefailedtosee.Thetwodeveloptogether,notinprecisestep,butinsuchmannerthattherecanbenodoubtthattheoneisinresponsetotheother.

21.Theword“spoliation”inthefirstparagraphprobablymeans____.

A.loot

B.spoil

C.restraint

D.agitation

22.Howiseconomicpowerappliedwhenamanufacturerwantstohiremoreworkers?

A.Heoffersthemwelfarefunds.

B.Hepaysthemaccordingtotheirwork.

C.Heprovidesfreeboardandlodging.

D.Hegivesthemchancesofgettingpromoted.

23.Economistsdidn’tsearchforotherrestraintsotherthancompetitionbecause____.

A.theysolelyfocusedoncompetition

B.theyhadnoideaofotherrestraints

C.theyhadmoreinterestincompetition

D.otherrestraintswereoflittleimportance

24.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofothereconomists’predictionabouttheoutcomesofconcentration?

A.Theyhavemadewildpredictions.

B.Theyfailedtoseetheriseofmerger.

C.Theyforesawtheappearanceofstrongbuyers.

D.Theirsuppositionwaspartiallytrue.

25.Thepassagemainlydiscussesabout____.

A.business

B.buyersandsellers

C.businessmodel

D.economicpower

PassageTwo

Withfewexceptions,thelastwordsofhistory’sgreatplayershavebeenaboutasinterestingandupliftingasaphonebook.Wemayexpectpearlsofprofundityfromourexpiringartists,philosophers,andworldleaders,butmoreoftenweareleftwithdry-as-dustcliché.

Admittedly,it’snotexactlyfairtoexpectdeepinsightsintolife’smysterieswhenthedyingclearlyhaveotherthingsontheirminds----hell,forinstance,orunspeakablepain.Bullet-riddledFrancisco“Pancho”Villawasprobablypreoccupiedwhenhetoldacomrade,“Don’tletitendthisway.TellthemIsaidsomething.”Butdon’twehavetherighttoexpecteloquenceinthefinalstanzasoflegendarywordsmithslikeLordByronandJohannWolfgangvonGoethe?

Byroncouldn’tbebotheredtoworkupadecentrhyme:

“NowIshallgotosleep.Goodnight.”Goethe’slastwordweresodullbiographershavebeenobligedtoeditcreatively;“Openthesecondshuttersothatmorelightmaycomein”becamethemoresublime“Morelight!

”（Thereis,bytheway,somedebatewhetherGoethe’slastwordswerenot,infact,“Comemylittleone,andgivemeyourpaw.”）

AndoneisloathtomentionWhitman’slastbarbaricyawp:

“Holdmeup;Iwanttoshit.”LegendarywagOscarWilde’slastwordswerenothingmorethanshoptalk.Commentingonanovelhehadrecentlyread,Wildesaid,“ThisisafinestudyoftheAmericanpoliticianandpossessesthequalityoftruthincharacterization.Whatelsehastheladywritten?

”

Queenshaveleftlittlemoreforthelivingtochewon.ElizabethIwaswhiny（“Allmypossessionsforamomentoftime”）,whileMarieAntoine