论文2正文+文献 2.docx

论文2正文+文献 2.docx

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论文2正文+文献2

1.Introduction

GonewiththeWind,anAmericannovelbyMargaretMitchell,waspublishedin1936andwonthePulitzerPrizein1937.Thenovelisoneofthemostpopularofalltime,sellingmorethan30millioncopies.AndanAmericanfilmadaptationofthesamenamereleasedin1939becamethehighest-grossingfilminthehistoryofHollywoodandreceivedarecord-breakingnumberofAcademyAwards.Thestoryhappensin1861andendsin1871．Duringthetenyears，theSouthexperiencesagreatchange.Inthenovel,MitchellillustratedthehardshipsthattheSouthernpeoplelivethroughanddescribeshowtheyconquerdifficultiesandrebuildtheirlivesthroughthetimeofCivilWar．InGonewiththeWind,Mitchellsuccessfullycreatedsomelivelywomanimageswhichmadeaverydeepimpressiononreaders,suchasScarlettandMelanie.ButhowdidMitchellrevealfeminisminGonewiththeWind?

Thisthesiswillanalyzethereflectionoffeministinthisnovel,mainlybasedontheanalysisoftwoprominentfemalecharacters:

ScarlettandMelanie.They,astherepresentativesoffeminist,havetheirownclaimsandstandtotheirthoughts,pursuingtheautonomousrightsandself-consciousness.

Thebodyismadeupoffivebigparts.Part1givesaintroductionofliteraturereviewaboutGonewiththeWind,includingsomeearlyappraisalsandcontemporaryresearches.Part2isabouttheauthorMargaretMitchellandsocialconditionsofhertime.Part3willanalyzethereflectionoffeministinthisnovel,mainlybasedontheanalysisoftwoprominentfemalecharacters:

ScarlettandMelanie.Part4willmakeacomparisonbetweenScarlettandMelanie,andgettheirsimilaritiesanddifferences.Part5isconclusion.

2.LiteratureReview

2.1ThedefinitionanddevelopmentofFeminism

Feminismiscloselyrelatedtowomen’sstruggleforsocial,politicalandeconomicequalitybetweenmenandwomen,strivingforeliminatingallthebarriersthatpreventstheliberationanddevelopmentofthewomen.Thetermfeminismfirstappearedinthe19thcenturyinFranceandtheNetherlands.Sincethenitsmeaninghasbeenwidelydebatedandpeoplestilloftendisagreeaboutwhatitstandsfor.

Therearethreestagesinwesternfeminism.Thefirstsignificantfeministmovementbeganinthelate19thcenturyintheUKwiththecampaignforwomen’ssuffrage.Womengainedtherighttovote（iftheywereovertheageof30）inthe1918inBritain.Inthe1960s,asecondwaveoffeminismerupted.Peoplefoughtforissuessuchasaccesstobirthcontrolandequalpay.Athirdwaveoffeminismemergedintheearly1990s,asanattempttorectifythemovements’perceivedfailures.Today,71percentofAmericanand58percentofBritainwomenwouldnotdescribethemselvesasafeminist,accordingtoaCuardianarticle.Thefigureisexpectedtobelowerformen,ashistoricallytherehavebeenfewermenthanwomenhappytoidentifythemselvesasfeminists.

Mitchellwroteadistinctlyfeministnovel.Shesoundsthenoteearlywiththenarrator’scommentthat“atnotime,beforeorsince,hassolowapremiumbeenplacedonfemininenaturalness,”andshemercilesslyexposesasouthernpatriarchythatrequiresthatwomenbeflatteringlysubservienttomales,nomatterhowmuchlessintelligentandcapable.

2.2LiteraryreviewonGonewiththeWind

GonewiththeWindWasofficiallycompletedonJanuary22,1936.Bylate1965，

GonewiththeWindhadbeensoldmorethan10,000,000copiesandhadbeentranslatedintotwenty—fivelanguagesintwenty—ninecountries．Thefilmadaptationofit，releasedin1939,becamethehighest-grossingfilminthehistoryofHollywood.Asawell-knownnovel,GonewiththeWindhavebeenstudiedandanalyzedbymanycritics.Thefollowingaresomeworksaboutit.

2.2.1SomeearlyappraisalsofGonewiththeWind

SomeearlyappraisalsofGonewiththeWindnoteditsmemorablecharactersandhistoricalaccuracyaswellasMitchell’sremarkablestorytellingability,thoughmanyotherreviewsdismissedthenovelasmelodramaticandtrite．From1970s，thestudiesofthenovelbecamediversified:

textstudy,psychoanalysis,receptionaesthetics，myth-arch-etypicalcriticismandculturalcriticismareintegrated．

2.2.2ThreeaspectsoncontemporaryresearchesofGonewiththeWind

2.2.2.1Researchonthenovel’stheme

Ononehand,theacademiccircledepreciateit；ontheotherhand,criticspraiseit.AmericanEncyclopediapointsoutthatGonewiththeWinddescribessouthernersasnobleandunyieldingpeople.WhileManycriticsregardthenovelasasongoftheoldSouth,suchas0．LevitskiandO.Dumer’s“ColorSymbolismandMythologyinMargaretMitchell’sNovelGonewiththeWind”,andEaklor,VickiUsStrikingChordsandTouchingNerves：

MythandGenderGonewiththeWind．

2.2.2.2Researchonthemaincharacter

Itcanberoughlydividedintotwokinds．Ononeside，Scarieriscriticizedasarebellious，selfishwomanwithbadqualities．Ontheotherside，Scarieriscriticizedasacourageousandindependentheroine.Forinstance：

JonathanD．Austin’sPatConroy：

1wasraisedbyScarlettO'Hara.Citingquestionablemoralchoices，EaklormaintainstheinabilitytounderstandScarlett’scharacterisattheheartofthedynamicsofGonewiththeWindandresponsestoit．Forexample，BelleRosenbaum’s1937essaycallsGonewiththeWindan“obscenity”andScarier‘‘aharlot”．（Li，2000：

34）

2.2.2.3.Researchfromfeministperspective

Forexample：

ElizabethFox’sScarlettO'Hara.TheSouthernLadyasNewWoman,ClaudiaIbmPierpont’sAStudyinScarlett.InChina,manycriticsdiscussthefemaleconsciousnessfromtheperspectiveoffemininecriticism．Forexample，DongJinwei’s“TheCharm,ValueandCharacteristicofGonewiththeWind”confirmsthatGonewiththeWindismeaningfultowomen’sliberationandanalysesScarlett’spursuitoffreedomandindependence．

3.AboutMargaretMitchell

MargaretMitchell,anAmericanwomanwriterintheSouth,wasbornonNovember8,1900inAtlanta,Georgia,whereshelivedallherlife.Hermotherwasasuffragist,fatheraprominentlawyerandpresidentoftheAtlantaHistoricalSociety.MitchellgrewuplisteningtostoriesaboutoldAtlantaandthebattlestheconfederateArmyhadfoughtthereduringtheAmericanCivilWar.Attheageoffifteenshewroteinherjournal:

“IfIwereaboy,IwouldtryforWestPoint,ifIcouldmakeit,orwellI’dbeaprizefighter.”MitchellgraduatedfromthelocalWashingtonSeminaryandstartedin1918tostudymedicineatSmithCollege.InheryouthMitchelladoptedhermother’sfeministleaningswhichclashedwithherfather’sconservatism,butshelivedfullytheJazzageandwroteaboutitinnonfiction,likeinherarticle‘DancersNowDrownOutEventheCowbell’inheAtlantaJournalSundayMagazine.WhenMitchell’smotherdiedin1919,shereturnedtohometokeephouseforherfatherandbrother.In1922shemarriedBerrienKennardUpshaw.Thedisastrousmarriagewasclimaxedbyspousalrapeandwasannulledin1924.Mitchellstartedhercareerasajournalistin1922underthenamePeggyMitchell,writingarticles,interviews,sketches,andbookreviewsfortheAtlantaJournal.Fouryearslatersheresignedafteranankleinjury.Hersecondhusband,JohnRobertMarsh,anadvertisingmanager,encouragedMitchellinherwritingaspirations.

From1926to1929shewroteGonewiththeWind,thenoveltookhernearlytenyears.Sheneverthoughtthatsomanypeoplefavoritevennow.Thebookbrokesalesrecords,theNewYorkerpraiseditandthepoetandcriticJohnCroweRansomadmired“thearchitecturalpersistencebehindthebigwork”butcriticizedthebookasoverlySouthern,particularlyinitstreatmentofReconstruction.MalcolmCowley’sdisdaininhisrevieworiginatedpartlyfromthebook’spopularity.JohnPealeBishopdismissedthenovelasmerely“Onemoreofthose1000pagenovels,competentbutneitherverygoodnorverysound.”Butintheseopponents’sounds,thebookwasawardedthePulitzerPrize.MitchelldiedinAtlantaonAugust16,1949.ShewasstruckbyaspeedingcarwhilecrossingPeachtreeStreet.

4.SocialConditionsofMargaretMitchell’stime

4.1Women’ssocialstatusinAmericasocietyatMargaretMitchell’stime

ThestoryhappensinthesouthernplantationbeforeAmericanCivilWar.Atthattime,theSouthisanewreclaimedlandinwhichtheindustrialcivilizationhasnotyetpenetratedit.Theresidentsrestontherollingmoneygainedbycottonplantingandpicking.There,withintheshadowofchivalry,keepstheskin-deepgraceandsplendor.Womenlivingontheredsoilaredelicateflowers,tightlyclingingtomenanddecoratingmen’sworld.Theyhavenorightstovote.Norcantheycontroltheirbelongingsorchildrenaftertheygetmarried,letalonedrawawillormakeatreatywithouttheirhusbands’permission.Theirsocialstatusisparallelto“thatofaminororaslave”（DeborahL.Madsen,2006）.Theyenduredualoppressionnotonlyfrommenbutalsofromthemselves,lyinginthesubordinatesocialpositionwithouttheprivilegetomanagetheirownlives.Inthismale-dominatedworld,menstiflewomen’sdevelopmentfromeveryaspect.

Firstly,theystraineverynervetoconfinewomeninthehousetomakesurethatwomen’signorancehasnotbeencorruptedbythesocietyandtheyaresatisfiedtobethelovely“vase”.Womenareimprisonedathomewantingeconomicindependence.Theexclusiveapproachfortheirsocialstatusandeconomicwarrantyistomarryandgivebirthtobabies.

Secondly,menalsospirituallysuppresswomen.Theymayyieldtowomenandsatisfytheirallkindsofsmallrequirementsaboutthehouseholdaffairs;neverthelessoncewomenhaveindependentopinions,theywillfeelpanicandpulleverystringtoholdthemback.Regrettably,womenareimp