专业英语医电专用期末考试复习资料.docx

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专业英语医电专用期末考试复习资料.docx

专业英语医电专用期末考试复习资料

医疗仪器导论(英)

Introductionto

MedicalEquipment

Technology

主讲教师:

朱祯敏

医用电子信息系

Keywordsandconcepts

C1

Eachbodysystem’snameanditsbasicfunctionANSandCNS(ANS:

自主神经系统(AutonomicNervousSystem);CNS:

中枢神经系统)Homeostasis&negativefeedbackcontrol

C2

Thestructureoftheheartandthecirculatorysystem:

atria(心房),ventricles(心脏),valves(瓣膜),veinsandarteries(静脉和动脉)

Bloodflowrate(血管内的血液流率)Restingandactionpotentials(静息和动作电位)Polarizationanddepolarization(极化和去极化状态)Theelectricalconductionofthe

heart:

SAnode(窦房结),AVnode(房室结)

C3

Averages:

mean(平均数),median(中位数),andmode(众数)Significantfigure(有效数字)Accuracy&precision(精确度)

C6

Sensor(传感器),electrode(电极)andtransducer(换能器)Active&passivesensors(有源和无源传感器)Halfcellpotential(hp搬电池电位)DC&ACcoupling(直流和交流耦合)Insertion&applicationerrors(插入误差,应用误差)Surfaceindwelling(宏电极)micro-(微电极),needleelectrodes(针电极)

C7

Importantkindsofop-amps(运算放大器)Inverting&noninverting(反相与同相运算放大器)Input&output(输入输出)

C8

DiagnosticandMonitoring(诊断和监测)ECGLead(心电图导联),limb&chestlead(肢体和胸),unipolar&bipolarlead(单极和双极导联),augmentedlead(加压导联)

Otherimportantwordsandphrases

Circuit(电路系统)Voltage(电压),current(电流),resistance(电阻)Ohm’slaw(欧姆定律),Kirchhoff'slaw(基尔霍夫定律)Directandalternating(直流和交流)Resistance(电阻),capacitance(电容)andInductance(电感)

Resistor(电阻器),capacitor(电容器)andinductor(电感器)

Otherimportantwordsandphrases

Analoganddigitelectronics(模拟和数字电子)Diode&transistor(二极管和三极管)Continuousrangeofvoltages(持续的电压范围)Discretevoltagelevels(离散电压等级)Waveform(波形)

ECG(心电图),EEG(脑电图),EMG(肌电图),EOG(动眼电波图),EGG(胃电图)

 

WhatarethemaincontentsofourMETcourse?

TheHeartandCirculatorySystem

IntroductiontoBiomedicalInstrumentationandMeasurement

Electrodes,Sensors,andTransducers

BioelectricAmplifiers

1TheHumanBody:

AnOverview

课程介绍

17MedicalUltrasonography

8Electrocardiography

14IntensiveandCoronaryCareUnits

9PhysiologicalPressureandOther

CardiovascularMeasurements

Vocabularytransducer

词根trans:

转换transfertranslatetransformerelectrocardiography

词根cardio:

心脏的cardiologycardiologist

Vocabularyultrasonography

词根ultra:

beyond,超过

ultraviolet(UV)ultraman

C1.TheHumanBody:

AnOverview

C6.Electrodes,Sensors,andTransducers

C8.Electrocardiography

C9.PhysiologicalPressureandOther

CardiovascularMeasurements

HowcanyoustudyMETwell?

Reading

Exercise

Translation

Vocabulary

ABiomedicalEquipmentTechnician(BMET)isavitalcomponentofthehealthcaredeliverysystem.Employedbyhospitals,clinics,andthemilitary;BMETsarehighlyskilledtechniciansresponsibleforensuringmedicalequipmentisdeemedserviceable,safe,andproperlyconfiguredtomeetthemissionofahospitalorganization.Thesemenandwomenareresponsibleforinstalling,inspecting,repairing,calibration,preventivemaintenance,education,andmodificationofbiomedicalequipmentand

supportsystems.

Examplesofdifferentareasofbiomedicalequipmenttechnologyare:

Radiographicandflouroscopicx-ray,Diagnosticultrasound,LASERs,Mammography,Telemedicine,Filmimageprocessing,NuclearMedicine,Gammacameras,Positronemissiontomography(PET),Medicalimaging,ComputedTomography(CT),Electronmicroscope,Picturearchivingandcommunicationsystems(PACS),MagneticResonanceImaginginstrument(MRIscanner),Physiologicalmonitoring,Sterilization,Dental,Optometry,Surgical,Anesthesia,Laboratory,Dialysis,RespiratoryServices(ventilators),Computers,andInformationTechnology.

Radiographicandflouroscopicx-ray(X线照相术)

Mammography(乳房影像)

iagnosticultrasound(诊断用超声)

PhotocourtesyPhilipsResearch

3Dultrasoundimages

LASER(激光)

LaserBurnDebridementProcedure

NuclearMedicine(核医学)

Nuclearmedicineimagingtechniquesgivedoctorsanotherwaytolookinside

thehumanbody.Thetechniquescombinetheuseofcomputers,detectors,

andradioactivesubstances.Thesetechniquesinclude:

•Positronemissiontomography(PET)

•Singlephotonemissioncomputedtomography(SPECT)

•Cardiovascularimaging

•Bonescanning

MethodsofRadioactiveDecay(放射性衰变的方式)

Gammacamera(伽马照相机)

γ-肺γ-胸腔γ-心室

Gammacamera(伽马照相机)

准直器探测晶体光电倍增管铅板

Gammacamera(伽马照相机)

Positronemissiontomography(PET)正电子发射体层摄影

Apositron-emissiontomography(PET)imageisa

'photograph'ofhigh-energyγ-raysemittedfroma

positron-emittingradioisotope.

PET-脑

PET-充盈心肌

PET-缺血心肌

ComputedTomography(CT)X射线计算机断层摄影

ACT(computedtomography)scanisamuchmoresensitiveimagingtechniquethanx-ray,allowinghighdefinitionofnotonlythebonystructuresbutalsothesofttissues.Clearimagesoforgansandstructures,suchasthebrain,muscles,joints,veinsandarteries,aswellasoftumorsandhemorrhages(n.出血),maybeobtainedwithorwithouttheinjectionofcontrastingdye.

CT-肾

ComputedTomography(CT)X射线计算机断层摄影

ImageanobjectfrommanydifferentdirectionsUseacomputertocalculatetheinteriorstructureofthatobjectfromtheseprojectedimages

MRI-脑

MagneticResonanceImaginginstrument(MRIscanner)核磁共振仪

AnMRI(magneticresonanceimaging)ofthebraincreatesadetailedimageofthe

complexstructuresinthebrain.AnMRIcreatesathree-dimensionalpictureofthe

brain,whichallowsdoctorstomorepreciselylocateproblemssuchastumorsor

aneurysms(n.动脉瘤).

AnIntravenous

X-Ray

pyelogram(IVP,静脉注射肾盂造影)isaconventionalx-raytestusingdyetoexamine.Thisx-rayallowsvisualizationoftheupperandlowerurinarytracttodeterminethepresenceofanyabnormality.

CT

CTscanningisessentiallyadetailedX-rayofthebody.CTshowscross-sectionsofthebodyandallowsyourdoctortoseedetailsoftheanatomythatwouldnotbeseenonregularx-ray.

MRI

MRIismoresensitivethanCTscanning.CTandMRIhavetheaddedbenefitof

detectingenlargedlymphnodesnearthetumors,whichcansuggestthatacancerhasspread(metastasized)tothelymphnodes.

MRI与CT相比较的各自优缺点

MRI的缺点

钙化及骨病灶不能显示;扫描时间一般较长,每日能检查的人数较CT少;上腹部MRI仍存在运动伪影干扰;体内有磁性金属物者不能检查;价格昂贵。

MRI的优点

无放射线损害,迄今也未见有MRI对人体产生损伤的报道;软组织密度分辨率高于CT,而空间分辨率也可与CT相媲美,直径小于2厘米的胰癌也能发现;可直接作任意的切层扫描;成像参数及方法多,所获得诊断信息较CT丰富;一般无需作增强扫描,近年采用的一种特殊的MRI增强剂(Gd-DT-PA)以增强病灶的信号对比,且无潜在危险的碘过敏反应;借助于质子的流动效应,可清晰显示血管,尤其是运用数字减影原理可作MRI血管造影;⑦无骨性伪影,对颅窝病变的诊断比CT优越得多。

MRI与CT相比较的各自优缺点

CT的优点

钙化及骨病灶能显示;

扫描时间一般较短,每日能检查的人数较MRI多;

上腹部不存在运动伪影干扰;

体内有磁性金属物者能检查;

价格便宜。

CT的缺点

软组织密度分辨率低于MRI;

成像参数及方法少,所获得诊断信息较较MRI少;

有骨性伪影,对颅窝病变的诊断比MRI差得多;

有放射线损害。

Borsook

etal.NatureReviewsDrugDiscoveryadvanceonlinepublication;publishedonline07April2006|doi:

10.1038/nrd2027Magneticresonanceimages(MRI)areusedtotakepicturesofandstudythebrain.PET(positronemissiontomography)scansshowbrain

activity,andchemicalsshowhowtransmittersfunction.

Telemedicine(远程医疗)Thedefiningaspectoftelemedicineistheuseofelectronicsignalstotransfernformationfromonesitetoanother.

C1.TheHumanBody:

AnOverview

(人体概述)

Objectives

Listmajorsystemsofthebody.

Describetheprincipalfunctionsofbodysystems.

Describehowthebodycontrolsandregulatesitself.

Statetherelationshipsamongbodysystems.

列出人体的主要组成系统。

描述人体各组成系统的基本功能。

描述人体如何进行自我调控。

阐述人体各组成系统之间的关系。

学习目标

C1.TheHumanBody:

AnOverview

(人体概述)

TextNotes

1.FeedbackControlSystem

Thebodycontainsliterallyhundredsoffeedbackcontrolsystemsthatattempttokeepthebody’sinternalenvironmentconstant.Thisprocessiscalledhomeostasis.

1.反馈控制系统

确切地说,人体含有数百个反馈控制系统用以维持其内环境稳定。

该过程称为体内平衡。

C1.TheHumanBody:

AnOverview

(人体概述)

TextNotes

2.TheCell

Allmammals,includinghumans,aremadeupofbasicbuildingblockscalledcells.Theyareallsimilarintheirbasicconstituents.

2.细胞

包括人类在内的所有哺乳动物都是由基本结构单元(称作细胞)构成的。

不同的细胞的基本组成要素却是相似的。

TextNotes

3.CellMembrane

Thecellissurroundedbyasemipermeablemembrane.Thismembranenotonlycontainsthesubstanceofthecellbutalsoallowsselectivepassageofmaterialsinandoutofthecell.

3.细胞膜

细胞由半透膜包裹。

该膜结构不仅能容纳细胞自身物质,同时还可实现细胞内外的物质选择性透过。

C1.TheHumanBody:

AnOverview

(人体概述)

100%-0%:

Theimbalanceismaintainedbecausethemembraneisimpermeabletothation.Diffusion

50%-50%:

ionsdiffuseacrossthemembranebecauseitispermeable.

Equilibriumisreached.SelectivePermeabilityTwokindsofions:

Themembraneisimpermeabletoboth.Semipermeable:

permeabletoonly

onekindofion,butisimpermeabletotheother.

4.MusculoskeletalSystem

Themusclesandbonesofthebodyprovidelocomotion(i.e.,theabilitytomovearoundandmanipulateoursurroundings).Theskeletalsystemconsistsmostlyofbonesandsomecartilage.Thebonesarejoinedtogethertoformarticulationsandjointsandsoareabletomovewithrespecttoeachother.Ingeneral,musculesareconnectedbetweenbonesacrossajoint,sothatthebonesmovewithrespecttoeachotherwhenthemusclecontracts.

4.肌肉与骨骼系统

肌肉和骨骼可使人体产生运动(即,能够自由移动、改造自然的能力)。

其中骨骼系统主要由骨骼和一些软骨构成,且骨骼连接在一起形成关节以进行协同运动。

而肌肉一般跨过关节附着在骨骼之上,因此肌肉收缩便会产生骨骼协同运动。

5.RespiratorySystem

Therespiratorysystemtakesoxygenintothebodyandgivesoffcarbondioxidewasteproductsfromthecells.Therespiratorysystemincludesthemouth;nose;trachea,orwindpipe;;bronchiandlungs.

5.呼吸系统

呼吸系统从外界摄取氧气并排出细胞产生的二氧化碳废气。

呼吸系统由嘴、鼻腔、气管、支气管和肺构成。

Weneedtogetoxygenintothebloodfromtheair,and

weneedtoremovewastecarbondioxidefromthebloodintotheair.Movinggaseslikethisiscalledgasexchange.Thealveoliareadaptedtomakegasexchangeinlungshappeneasilyandefficiently.

6.GastrointestinalSystem

TheGIsystemtakesinrawmaterialsintheformoffoodandliquidsandpocessesthemsothattheyareabsorbedintothebody.Certaindigestiveorgansareneededtochemicallyandphysicallyprocesstheserawmaterials:

theliver,gallbladder,salivaryglands,pancreas,stomach,

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