Advances on Testing and Experimentation in Civil Engineering Geotechnics Transportation Hydraulics and.pdf

Advances on Testing and Experimentation in Civil Engineering Geotechnics Transportation Hydraulics and.pdf

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SpringerTractsinCivilEngineeringCarlosChastreJosNevesDiogoRibeiroMariaGraaNevesPaulinaFariaEditorsAdvancesonTestingandExperimentationinCivilEngineeringGeotechnics,Transportation,HydraulicsandNaturalResourcesSpringerTractsinCivilEngineeringSeriesEditorsSheng-HongChen,SchoolofWaterResourcesandHydropowerEngineering,WuhanUniversity,Wuhan,ChinaMarcodiPrisco,PolitecnicodiMilano,Milano,ItalyIoannisVayas,InstituteofSteelStructures,NationalTechnicalUniversityofAthens,Athens,GreeceSpringerTractsinCivilEngineering（STCE）publishesthelatestdevelopmentsinCivilEngineering-quickly,informallyandintopquality.Theseriesscopeincludesmonographs,professionalbooks,graduatetextbooksandeditedvolumes,aswellasoutstandingPhDtheses.Itsgoalistocoverallthemainbranchesofcivilengineering,boththeoreticalandapplied,including:

ConstructionandStructuralMechanicsBuildingMaterialsConcrete,SteelandTimberStructuresGeotechnicalEngineeringEarthquakeEngineeringCoastalEngineering;OceanandOffshoreEngineeringHydraulics,HydrologyandWaterResourcesEngineeringEnvironmentalEngineeringandSustainabilityStructuralHealthandMonitoringSurveyingandGeographicalInformationSystemsHeating,VentilationandAirConditioning（HVAC）TransportationandTrafficRiskAnalysisSafetyandSecurityIndexedbyScopusTosubmitaproposalorrequestfurtherinformation,pleasecontact:

PierpaoloRivaatPierpaolo.R（EuropeandAmericas）WayneHuat（China）CarlosChastreJosNevesDiogoRibeiroMariaGraaNevesPaulinaFariaEditorsAdvancesonTestingandExperimentationinCivilEngineeringGeotechnics,Transportation,HydraulicsandNaturalResourcesEditorsCarlosChastreCERIS,NOVASchoolofScienceandTechnologyNOVAUniversityLisbonLisbon,PortugalDiogoRibeiroCONSTRUCT-LESE,SchoolofEngineering,PolytechnicofPortoPorto,PortugalPaulinaFariaCERIS,NOVASchoolofScienceandTechnologyNOVAUniversityLisbonLisbon,PortugalJosNevesCERIS,InstitutoSuperiorTcnicoUniversidadedeLisboaLisbon,PortugalMariaGraaNevesNOVASchoolofScienceandTechnologyNOVAUniversityLisbonLisbon,PortugalISSN2366-259XISSN2366-2603（electronic）SpringerTractsinCivilEngineeringISBN978-3-031-05874-5ISBN978-3-031-05875-2（eBook）https:

/doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05875-2TheEditor（s）（ifapplicable）andTheAuthor（s）,underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2023Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations.ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAGTheregisteredcompanyaddressis:

Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,SwitzerlandForewordbyAntnioGomesCorreiaTestingandexperiments,ingeneral,areanimportantpartofthenewdigitalera,buildingartificialintelligenceecosystemsformodernsocietiestobesaferandmoresustainable.Theapplicationtogeotechnicsandtransportationcantakedifferentformsandoccuratdifferenttimesandscales,solvingissuesandimprovingsolutionsinagivenapplicationsector,includingvalidationanddemonstration.Thiscollectionofcontributionsprovidesanupdateontherecentdevelopmentsregardingsomeoftheseissuesandpresentscasehistoriesinvolvingtheapplicationoftestingandexperimentapproaches.Inthegeotechnicstheme,itcoverstopicssuchastheroleofengineeringgeologymappingandgis-basedtoolsingeotechnicalpractice,insitugeotechnicalinvestiga-tions,laboratoryandfieldtestingofrockmassesforcivilengineeringinfrastructures,testingandmonitoringofearthstructuresandoffshorewindfoundationmonitoringandinspection.Inthesecondthemeoftransportation,thecontributionshighlighttopicssuchastestsandsurveillanceonpavementsurfacecharacteristics,full-scaleacceleratedpavementtestingandinstrumentation,monitoringofpavementstructuralcharacter-istics,intelligenttrafficmonitoringsystemsandtestingandmonitoringinrailwaytracks.Ibelievethatthepresentcontributionsareavaluableresourceforresearchersaswellaspractisingengineersingeotechnics,transportationandotherbranchesofcivilengineering.vviForewordbyAntnioGomesCorreiaIwouldliketoconveymydeepestgratitudetotheeditorsfortheirefforts,totheauthorsfortheircontributionsandtothereviewersfortheircarefulreviews,allofwhichhavecontributedtothequalityofthisbookseriesinSpringerTractsinCivilEngineering.AntnioGomesCorreiaEmeritusProfessorinCivilEngineeringUniversityofMinhoBraga,PortugalForewordbyJavierL.LaraAllthroughhistory,progressinengineeringhasmadepossiblethedevelopmentofmankind,allowingovertheyearsasignificantimprovementinpeoplesqualityoflife.Inthissense,civilengineeringhasplayedafundamentalroleintheabilityofhumanbeingstoadapttotheirenvironmentthankstotheconstructionofinfrastructuresthathavefacilitatedthetransportofmaterialsandpeople,communication,thecaptureofnaturalresourcesortheirownresidenceandcoexistence.Thishasbeenpossiblethankstoadvancesinknowledge,constructiontechniquesandtheapplicationofnewtechnologiesbased,firstly,onphysicalexperimentationand,inrecentdecades,ontheuseofcomputationaltechniques,whichinacomplementaryapproachandbasedonsolidtheoreticalfoundations,hasallowedtheprogressoftechnologyandtheconstructionoflargeinfrastructuresforsociety.Civilengineeringcurrentlyhasaseriesofchallengesthatitwillfaceduringthiscentury,whicharelinkedtoaseriesofsocialandeconomicdemandsthatitmustmeetwithinaframeworkofsustainabledevelopment.Aspectssuchasthegrowthanddevelopmentofmedium-sizedcitiesthatwillbecomelargecitiesattheendofthecentury,generatingnewdemandsformanagementmodels,theinclusionofartificialintelligenceinthemanagementofcomplexsystemsassociatedwiththeconstruction,operationandmaintenanceofcivilinfrastructures,innovationinconstructionprocessesandtheuseofnewmaterialsandengineeringsolutionswithinaframeworkofsustainabledevelopmentinagreementwithnaturearesomeofthechallengesthatcivilengineeringwillhavetoface,allofthemwithinanenvironmentalframeworkofclimatechange.Allthesechallenges,andothersthatwillappearthroughoutthecentury,willthereforerequirethedevelopmentofnewscienceandnewknowledge.Itisinthisareawhereexperimentaltechniquesplayaveryrelevantrole.Computationaltechniqueshavedevelopedconsiderablyinthelastdecadesandarenowaneverydayelementoftheengineerswork.Additionally,inrecentyears,techniquesbasedonartificialintelligencehaveemergedwithgreatefficiencyshowingtheirhighapplicabilityinthefieldofcivilengineering.However,experimentaltechniquesarestillaveryimportantapproachtogenerateknowledgeandasacomplementaryelementforviiviiiForewordbyJavierL.Laratheunderstandingofcomplexsystemsinengineering,eitherontheirownorasacomplementtotheabove.Thisbookpresentsagoodcompilationofthelatestadvancesandexperimentaltechniquesinfourmajorfieldsinwhichcivilengineeringworks:

geotechnics,trans-portation,hydraulicsandnaturalresources.Throughout15chapters,novelaspectsinthesefourdisciplinesarepresented,throughthedevelopmentandapplicationofexperimentaltechniquesindifferentfields,whichaimtoshowhowexperimentationcanbeaveryvalidtooltoobtaintheadequateknowledgethatcivilengineeringneedsforitsdevelopment.Thebookisanidealchoiceforcuriousprofessionalsandstudents,bothinsideandoutsidecivilengineering,andprovidesacross-disciplinaryviewoftheuseofthelatestexperimentaltechniquesincivilengineeringandhowtheycanbeappliedtogeneratenewscienceandincreasetheunderstandingofphysicalprocesses.JavierL.LaraProfessorofCivilEngineeringInstitutodeHidrulicaAmbientalUniversidaddeCantabriaSantander,SpainPrefaceTestingandexperimentationareessentialtosupportthedesignofcivilengineeringinfrastructuresandbuildingsandtounderstandthephenomenainvolved.Overthelastyears,testingandexperimentationincivilengineeringhaveassumedincreasingimportanceinawiderangeofapplications,providingreliableinformationforthedecision-makingprocessduringtheprojectslifecycle.Theexperimentalactivi-tiesareperformedinthelaboratoryorinsitu.Theytypicallyallowanenhancedcharacterizationofthebehaviourofsystemsandtheircomponents,supportingthestakeholderstofindmorereliableandsustainablesolutions.Currently,theliteraturelacksacontributionthatprovidesgeneralandfoundationalknowledgeacrossthesetopics,a