RF Measurements for Cellular Phones and Wireless Data Systems.pdf

RF Measurements for Cellular Phones and Wireless Data Systems.pdf

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RFMEASUREMENTSFORCELLULARPHONESANDWIRELESSDATASYSTEMSALLANW.SCOTTREXFROBENIUSRFMEASUREMENTSFORCELLULARPHONESANDWIRELESSDATASYSTEMSRFMEASUREMENTSFORCELLULARPHONESANDWIRELESSDATASYSTEMSALLANW.SCOTTREXFROBENIUSCopyright#2008byJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.AllrightsreservedPublishedbyJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,Hoboken,NewJerseyPublishedsimultaneouslyinCanadaNopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,scanning,orotherwise,exceptaspermittedunderSection107or108ofthe1976UnitedStatesCopyrightAct,withouteitherthepriorwrittenpermissionofthePublisher,orauthorizationthroughpaymentoftheappropriateper-copyfeetotheCopyrightClearanceCenter,Inc.,222RosewoodDrive,Danvers,MA01923,（978）750-8400,fax（978）750-4470,oronthewebat.RequeststothePublisherforpermissionshouldbeaddressedtothePermissionsDepartment,JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030,（201）748-6011,fax（201）748-6008,oronlineathttp:

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Scott,AllanW.RFmeasurementsforcellularphonesandwirelessdatasystems/AllanW.Scott,RexFrobenius.p.cm.ISBN978-0-470-12948-7（cloth）1.RadiofrequencyintegratedcircuitsTesting.2.WirelesscommunicationsystemsEquipmentandsuppliesDesignandconstruction.3.CellulartelephonesEquipmentandsuppliesDesignandconstruction.I.Frobenius,Rex.II.Title.TK7874.S362008621.384506dc222008004929PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica10987654321CONTENTS1INTRODUCTION11.1TheMarketforCellularPhonesandWirelessDataTransmissionEquipment/11.2OrganizationoftheBook/31.3PartI:

RFPrinciples/41.4SummaryofChapter2:

CharacteristicsofRFSignals/41.5SummaryofChapter3:

Mismatches/41.6SummaryofChapter4:

DigitalModulation/41.7PartII:

RFMeasurementEquipment/91.8SummaryofChapter5:

RFSignalGenerators/91.9SummaryofChapter6:

PowerMeters/101.10SummaryofChapter7:

FrequencyCounters/101.11SummaryofChapter8:

VNAs/141.12SummaryofChapter9:

SpectrumAnalyzers/141.13SummaryofChapter10:

VSAs/171.14SummaryofChapter11:

NoiseFigureMeters/171.15SummaryofChapter12:

CoaxialCablesandConnectors/191.16SummaryofChapter13:

MeasurementUncertainties/191.17SummaryofChapter14:

MeasurementofComponentsWithoutCoaxialConnectors/211.18PartIII:

MeasurementofIndividualRFComponents/21v1.19SummaryofChapter15:

RFCommunicationsSystemBlockDiagram/221.20SummaryofChapter16:

SignalControlComponents/221.21SummaryofChapter17:

PLOs/221.22SummaryofChapter18:

Upconverters/241.23SummaryofChapter19:

PowerAmplifiers/241.24SummaryofChapter20:

Antennas/291.25SummaryofChapter21:

RFReceiverRequirements/311.26SummaryofChapter22:

RFFilters/331.27SummaryofChapter23:

LNAs/351.28SummaryofChapter24:

Mixers/361.29SummaryofChapter25:

NoiseFigureMeasurement/381.30SummaryofChapter26:

IntermodulationProductMeasurement/381.31SummaryofChapter27:

OverallReceiver/391.32SummaryofChapter28:

RFICsandSOC/391.33PartIV:

TestingofDevicesandSystemswithDigitallyModulatedRFSignals/411.34SummaryofChapter29:

DigitalCommunicationsSignals/421.35SummaryofChapter30:

FDMA,TDMA,andCDMAMultipleAccessTechniques/441.36SummaryofChapter31:

OFDMandOFDMA/461.37SummaryofChapter32:

ACP/481.38SummaryofChapter33:

Constellation,Vector,andEyeDiagrams,andEVM/481.39SummaryofChapter34:

CCDF/511.40SummaryofChapter35:

BER/531.41SummaryofChapter36:

MeasurementofGSMEvolutionComponents/541.42AnnotatedBibliography/55PARTIRFANDWIRELESSPRINCIPLES572CHARACTERISTICSOFRFSIGNALS592.1ElectricandMagneticFields/602.2ElectromagneticWaves/622.3PropertiesofRFWaves/63Frequency/64Wavelength/64Impedance/67viCONTENTSPowerDensity/67Phase/682.4RFPowerExpressedindBanddBm/69dBTerminology/70dBmTerminology/722.5UsingdBanddBmtoDetermineanRFLinkBudget/732.6AlternateNamesfordBanddBm/782.7AnnotatedBibliography/783MISMATCHES793.1TheMismatchProblem/793.2WaysofSpecifyingMismatches/803.3ConversionBetweenDifferentWaysofExpressingMismatch/823.4S-Parameters/853.5MatchingwiththeSmithChart/873.6DerivationoftheSmithChart/893.7PlottingMismatchesontheSmithChart/943.8MatchingCalculationswiththeSmithChart/993.9UsingParallelMatchingElements/1033.10LumpedElementsinCombination/1053.11SmithChartSoftware/1063.12AnnotatedBibliography/1114DIGITALMODULATION1134.1ModulationPrinciples/1134.2MultilevelModulation/1154.3SpecialPhaseModulationTechniques/118DPSK/118p/4QPSK/1193/8p8PSKModulationforEDGE/1194.4DigitalFrequencyModulation/1204.5UpconversionRequirements/1224.6AnnotatedBibliography/122PARTIIRFMEASUREMENTEQUIPMENT1235RFSIGNALGENERATORS1255.1WhatanRFSignalGeneratorDoes/125CONTENTSvii5.2SupportedWirelessCommunicationFormats/1275.3RFSignalGeneratorDisplays/1275.4RFSignalGeneratorControls/1275.5ModulationArchitectures/1295.6PhaseNoiseoftheRFSignalGenerator/1305.7AnnotatedBibliography/1306RFPOWERMETERS1316.1RFPowerMeterBasics/1316.2PowerMeterSensors/1336.3ASchottkyDiodeforPowerMeasurementsinCellularPhoneSystems/1346.4ThePowerMeterUnit/1356.5PowerMeterControls/1386.6AnnotatedBibliography/1387FREQUENCYCOUNTERS1397.1FrequencyCounterOperation/1397.2AnnotatedBibliography/1418VNAs1438.1WhataVNADoes/1438.2WhataVNACanMeasure/1438.3VNAControls/144DislayControl/144ChannelSetup/145TraceSetup/145EntryControl/1478.4VNADisplayNotations/1478.5ErrorCorrection/1478.6ExampleofVNAMeasurementsonanRFPart/1528.7SweptMeasurementsontheVNAasaFunctionofPower/1548.8ExampleMeasurementProcedureUsingtheVNA/157Objective/157MeasurementsBeingDemonstrated/158DUTSpecifications/161SignificancetoWirelessSystemPerformance/161GenericProcedure/1618.9AnnotatedBibliography/165viiiCONTENTS9SPECTRUMANALYZERS1679.1SpectrumAnalyzerPrinciples/1679.2WhataSpectrumAnalyzerCanMeasure/1689.3SpectrumAnalyzerBlockDiagram/1709.4SpectrumAnalyzerControls/171CenterFrequencyandSpan/171ReferenceLevelandAttenuation/172ResolutionBandwidth/173VideoBandwidth/173Markers/1759.5PowerSuiteMeasurements/1759.6BasicModulationFormats/1759.7ExampleSpectrumAnalyzerOperationandFMSpectrumMeasurement/178Objective/178FMTheory/178MeasurementsBeingDemonstrated/178GenericProcedure/1789.8AnnotatedBibliography/18010VSAs18310.1WhataVSADoes/18310.2VSAEquipment/18310.3WhattheVSACanMeasure/18510.4AnnotatedBibliography/19111NOISEFIGUREMETERS19311.1NoiseFigureMeterSetup/19311.2NoiseFigurePrinciples/19311.3AnnotatedBibliography/19712COAXIALCABLESANDCONNECTORS19912.1CoaxialConnectors/19912.2CablesandConnectorsBestPractices/20012.3PopularCoaxialCableConnectors/20012.4CoaxialCables/20212.5AnnotatedBibliography/202CONTENTSix13RFMEASUREMENTUNCERTAINTIES20313.1MismatchUncertainties/20413.2RFPowerMeterMeasurementUncertainties/205MismatchUncertainties/205CalibrationFactorUncertainty/207MagnificationandOffset/20713.3UncertaintyofVNAMeasurementofAbsolutePower/20713.4UncertaintyofSpectrumAnalyzerMeasurements/210FrequencyMeasurementUncertainty/210PowerMeasurementUncertainty/210ExamplesofMeasurementUncertaintyofPSA4440ESpectrumAnalyzerUnderDifferentMeasurementConditions/21113.5MeasurementUncertaintiesofRatioedMeasurementswithaVNA/21113.6NoiseFigureMeasurementUncertainty/21513.7AnnotatedBibliography/21614COMPONENTSTHATDONOTHAVECOAXIALCONNECTORS21914.1UsingSOLTCalibrationStandardsFabricatedinMicrostrip/22014.2TRLStandardsinMicrostrip/22214.3De-Embedding/22214.4IncludingtheFixtureEffectsasPartoftheVNACalibration/22314.5AnnotatedBibliography/223PARTIIIMEASUREMENTOFINDIVIDUALRFCOMPONENTS22515RFCOMMUNICATIONSSYSTEMBLOCKDIAGRAM22715.1RFCommunicationsSystemComponents/22715.2AnnotatedBibliography/23216SIGNALCONTROLCOMPONENTS23316.1RFSemiconductors/23316.2ElectronicallyControlledAttenuatorsandSwitches/23616.3MeasurementsofPINDiodeAttenuatorsandSwitches/24016.4AnnotatedBibliography/240xCONTENTS17PLOs24117.1CharacteristicsandOperationofaPLO/24117.2PhaseNoiseanditsSignificanceinaDigitalRFCommunicationsSystem/24617.3CharacteristicsofPLOsthatNeedtobeMeasured/248Frequency/248TuningSensitivity/249Power/249PhaseNoise/24917.4ExampleProcedureforPhaseNoiseMeasurementsofPLOs/252MeasurementsBeingDescribed/252SpecificationsofPLO/252SignificancetoWirelessSystemPerformance/252GenericProcedure/25217.5AnnotatedBibliography/25418UPCONVERTERS25518.1HowanUpconverterWorks/25518.2MathematicalTheoryofUpconverterandMixerAction/25718.3MeasurementofUpconverterPerformance/25818.4GenericProcedur