初中化学实验探究题与简答题集锦9.docx

初中化学实验探究题与简答题集锦9.docx

《初中化学实验探究题与简答题集锦9.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《初中化学实验探究题与简答题集锦9.docx（24页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

初中化学实验探究题与简答题集锦9

   初中化学实验探究题与简答题集锦

1、海水是一种化学成分复杂的混合物，包括水、溶解于水中的多种化学元素和气体。

在海水中迄今已发现的化学元素达80多种。

含量较高的元素除组成水的氢、氧元素外，还有氯、钠、镁、硫、钙、钾、溴、碳、锶、硼、氟等。

<1）以海水及其产品为原料可以生产许多化工产品，如氯化钠、氢气、氢氧化钠、氯气、钠、镁、食用加碘盐等。

①请根据你学过的化学知识，按照纯净物、单质、混合物、化合物，将海水、氢气、氯化钠、氯气、氢氧化钠、钠、镁、食用加碘盐进行分类。

<要求用框图的形式表示，层次分明）

②在氯化钠、氢气、镁三种物质中，由分子构成的是              ；由原子构成的是             ；由离子构成的是                  。

<2）自然界中的溴元素绝大多数存在于海洋中，其元素符号为Br，根据中文名称猜测溴应属于                   <填“金属”或“非金属”）元素，该元素位于元素周期表             <填“左侧”、“右侧”或“中部”）。

<3）锶是一种重要的金属元素，其原子结构示意图和在元素周期表中显示的信息见下图，请回答有关问题：

①锶原子核外的电子层数为        ，原子核内质子数为       ；在化学反应中易        <填“得到”或“失去”）电子

②锶元素的原子序数为        ，其相对原子质量为            ；

<4）海水也是未来人类生活用水的重要来源。

小明同学从水产市场带回一瓶浑浊的海水，准备与同学们一起对其进行净化。

请你参入他们的实验并回答有关问题。

①他们在向水中加入明矾，搅拌静置后进行过滤，加入明矾的目的是          

                                                    ；过滤需要的主要仪器和用品有                                                        ；

②下列对过滤过程及结果描述正确的是<        ）<填编号）；

A．此过程发生的是物理变化

B．过滤是利用颗粒大小不同将混合物分离

C．过滤之后得到的“水”仍是咸的

D．过滤之后得到的“水”可以饮用                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    

③证明过滤之后得到的“水”中仍含有杂质的方法是                       

                                                     ；

④小明想把海水制成蒸馏水，他应该进行的操作是            ，一般不用蒸馏水作为饮用水的理由是                                                     。

<5）海水是一种溶液，其中溶剂是水，溶质有多种，海水中溶质的质量分数约为3.5%，市场上销售的“海水精”是根据海水溶质的主要成分按比例混合而成，“海水精”是一种白色固体，易溶于水。

若用“海水精”配制一定量的人造海水，请回答有关问题：

①配制步骤依次为                                          ；

②所需要用到的主要仪器是                                             。

2、菠菜是一种营养价值很高的蔬菜。

小明同学为了研究菠菜汁的成份，进行如下实验：

①称取10g新鲜菠菜，用小刀切成碎块，放在研钵中加入10mL丙酮<一种液体溶剂），研磨成浆状物。

②将①中得到的浆状物进行过滤。

③将②所得到的汁液，放在小烧杯中。

④将一张滤纸条的一端垂直放入上述小烧杯中<如图甲所示）。

3～5min后可观察到液体沿滤纸上升，并分成明显的色带<如图乙所示）。

从下到上依次为绿色、黄色和桔黄色等。

试回答下列问题：

<1）菠菜汁属于             <填“纯净物”或“混合物”）；

<2）人们常说菠菜中含有丰富的铁质，这里的“铁质”指的是 <    ）。

A．分子           B．原子         C．元素        D．单质

<3）请从分子的角度说明，滤纸上依次出现不同颜色色带的原因是             

                                                                 。

<4）实验步骤②中需要的仪器是<填仪器名称）                              

                                       。

<5）你认为此实验的方法在生产和科学实验中有什么应用？

                                                                    。

3、材料1．臭氧是淡蓝色气体，大气中的臭氧层能有效阻挡紫外线，保护地球的生存环境，但目前南极出现了臭氧层空洞，并有继续扩大的趋势。

特别是人类发明并使用氟里昂（主要用作致冷剂>若干年后，科学家发现氟里昂在紫外线的照射下能分解出氯原子破坏臭氧层，其破坏臭氧的循环示意图如下：

材料2．复印机在工作时，会因高压放电产生一定浓度的臭氧。

长期吸入大量臭氧会引起口干舌燥，咳嗽等不适症状，还可能诱发中毒性肺气肿。

材料3．臭氧发生器是在高压电极的作用下将空气中的氧气转化为臭氧的装置，利用臭氧的强氧化性，可将其应用于游泳池、生活用水、污水的杀菌和消毒。

<1）请写出臭氧的化学式_______；

<2）请总结臭氧的有关知识：

①物理性质：

②化学性质：

③用途：

<3）请从分子构成的角度，指出氧气和臭氧的不同点：

                        ，由此我们可以发现物质的用途是由物质的                决定的，而物质的组成和结构也决定着物质的            

<4）材料1中属于化合反应的是（填序号>__________；经过①②③的反应过程后，反应物氯原子的个数是否发生变化？

______<答：

“是”或“否”）。

<5）诺贝尔奖获得者莫里纳博士指出：

“少量的氟里昂就能对臭氧层产生巨大的影响”，请你根据循环示意图论证他的观点：

                                    ；

<6）写出材料3中氧气转化为臭氧的化学方程式：

                        ；                             

<7）磷在臭氧中燃烧与在氧气中燃烧相似，请写出磷在臭氧中燃烧的化学方程式：

                                                            ；                                                                       

<8）从上述材料中可见臭氧对人类有利有弊。

请再举出一种物质，并说出其利弊：

                                                                      ；                                                                     

<9）请提出一个缩小臭氧层空洞的设想：

                                   。

4、<1）科学家在合成超导材料时，偶然制得了在自然界中尚未发现的紫色化学合成物质BaCuSi2O6，其中Si的化合价为    

<2）英国科技人员研制能自动灭火的陶瓷砖。

这种砖里压入了一定量的氦气

请回答下列问题：

①氦气的化学性质是           <填“稳定”或“不稳定”）

②砖内喷出的气体能起到抑制和灭火的作用，其原理是                     。