高考英语考纲解读与热点难点突破专题16追本溯源 阅读理解之推理判断与主旨大意教学案Word文件下载.docx
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3.精确性强,不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。
【方法技巧】
叮嘱考生:
永远把主旨大意题放在最后做。
因为考生需要读完全文才能把握文章主题,所以在解答此类题目时,考生不要急于去找答案,不论它出现在什么位置都把它作为最后一道题来做。
在做完另外几道题目后,无疑会有助于考生加深对整篇文章的理解。
第一步 确定文章的主题词
通过文章阅读和其他题目的解答,确定文章的主题词。
文章通常围绕主题词展开,主旨题的正确答案当然要包括文章主题词或主题词的同义改写词。
第二步 确定文章的主题句
主题句常处的四种位置:
1.首段或首句开门见山指出中心或讨论的问题。
2.文章中间或段落中间给出中心。
3.文章末段或段落末句对全文进行总结归纳。
4.文章或段落中不明确给出中心,考生要根据各段中心或各句的内容进行总结,自己推出主旨。
主题句通常具有下面一些特征:
1.举例子的句子不是主题句,前后句可能是主题句。
2.问句不是主题句,回答句可能是主题句。
3.首段转折处常为文章的主题句。
4.主题句常包含文章的主题词。
5.主题句常包含主次之分的表达(AratherthanB等)。
6.主题句常包含时间提示词(recently,today等)。
7.定义型的句子(becalledas,beknownas,is,are等)。
8.强调型的句子(stress,focus等)。
9.总结型的句子(researchindicates,studysuggests等)。
第三步 总结文章的主旨
根据文章的主题词和主题句,概括文章主旨,并与选项进行比对确定正确答案。
如果文章全文都没有明确的主题句,那么主题思想要通过各段的主要内容进行归纳。
这时考生要着重阅读各段的首尾句进行总结归纳。
例1、【2018·
全国III】阅读下列短文,从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中,选出最佳选项。
A
WelcometoHolkerHall&
Gardens
VisitorInformation
HowtoGettoHolker
ByCar:
FollowbrownsignsanA590fromJB6,M6.Approximaletraveltimes:
Windermere-20minutes,Kendal-25minutes,Lancaster-45minutes,Manchester-Ihour30minutes.
ByRail:
TheneareststationisCark-in-CartmelwithtrainstoCarnforth,LancasterPrestonforconnectionstomajorcities&
airports.
OpeningTimes
Sunday-Friday(closedonSaturday)11:
00am-4:
00pm,30March-2ndNovember.
AdmissionCharges
Hall&
GardensGardens
Adults:
£
12.00£
8.00
Groups£
9£
5.5
Producers:
Market13thApril
Joinustotasteavarietyoffreshlocalfoodanddrinks.Meettheproducersandgetsomeexcellentrecipeideas.
HolkerGardenFestival30thMay
Theeventcelebrateits22ndanniversarywithagreatshowoftheverybestofgardening,makingitoneofthemostpopulareventsingardening.
NationalGardenDay28thAugust
Holkeronceagainopensisgardensinaidofthedisadvantaged.Forjustasmalldonationyoucantakeatourwithourgardenguide.
WinterMarket8thNovember
Thisisaneventforallthefamily.Wanderamongavarietyofshopssellinggifswhileenjoyingalivemusicshowandnicestreetentertainment.
21.HowlongdoesitprobablytakeatouristtodrivetoHolkerfromManchester?
A.20minutes.B.25minutes.
C.45minutes.D.90minutes.
22.HowmuchshouldamemberofatourgrouppaytovisittoHall&
Cardens?
A.£
l2.00.B.£
9.00.
C.£
8.0D.£
5.50
23.Whicheventwillyougotoifyouwanttoseealivemusicshow?
A.Producers'
Market.B.HolkerGardenFestival.
C.NationalGardenDay.D.WinterMarket.
【答案】21.D22.B23.D
【解析】文章为旅游指南。
文章主要介绍了去HolkerHall&
Garden旅游的相关信息,如:
出行方式,开放时间,旅行费用以及主要活动等。
21.细节理解题。
根据第一段HowtoGettoHolker中Bycar里Approximatetraveltimes后面内容可知,从Manchester到Holker要用1hourand30minutes,即90分钟,故选D。
B
Citiesusuallyhaveagoodreasonforbeingwheretheyare,likeanearbyportorriver
.Peoplesettleintheseplacesbecausetheyareeasytogettoandnaturallysuitedtocommunicationsandtrade.NewYorkCity,forexample,isnearalargeharbouratthemouthoftheHudsonRiver.Over300yearsitspopulationgrewgraduallyfrom800peopleto8million.Butnotallcitiesdevelopslowlyoveralongperiodoftime.Boomtownsgrowfromnothingalmostovernight.In1896,Dawson,Canada,wasunmappedwilderness(荒野).Butgoldwasdiscoveredtherein1897,andtwoyearslater,itwasoneofthelargestcitiesintheWest,withapopulationof30,000.
DawsondidnothaveanyofthenaturalconveniencesofcitieslikeLondonorParis.Peoplewentthereforgold.Theytravelledoversnow-coveredmountainsandsailedhundredsofmilesupicyrivers.ThepathtoDawsonwascoveredwiththirtyfeetofwetsnowthatcouldfallwithoutwarming.Anavalanche(雪崩)onceclosedthepath,killing63people.FormanywhomadeittoDawson,however,therewardswereworththedifficulttrip.Ofthefirst20,000peoplewhodugforgold,4,000gotrich.About100ofthesestayedrichmenfortherestoftheirlives.
Butnomatterhowrichtheywere,Dawsonwasnevercomfortable.Necessitieslikefoodandwoodwereveryexpensive.Butsoon,thegoldthatDawsondependedonhadallbeenfound.Thecitywascrowdedwithdisappointedpeoplewithnointerestinsettlingdown,andwhentheyheardtherewerenewgolddiscoveriesinAlaska,theyleftDawsonCityasquicklyastheyhadcome.Today,peoplestillcomeandgo—toseewheretheCanadiangoldrushhappened.TourismisnowthechiefindustryofDawsonCity—itspresentpopulationis762.
24.WhatattractedtheearlysettlerstoNewYorkCity?
A.Itsbusinessculture.
B.Itssmallpopulation.
C.Itsgeographicalposition.
D.Itsfavourableclimate.
25.WhatdoweknowaboutthosewhofirstdugforgoldinDawson?
A.Two-thirdsofthemstayedthere.
B.Oneoutoffivepeoplegotrich.
C.Almosteveryonegaveup.
D.Halfofthemdied.
26.WhatwasthemainreasonformanypeopletoleaveDawson?
A.Theyfoundthecitytoocrowded.
B.Theywantedtotrytheirluckelsewhere.
C.Theywereunabletostandthewinter.
D.Theywereshortoffood.
27.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?
A.Theriseandfallofacity.
B.ThegoldrushinCanada.
C.Journeysintothewilderness.
D.TourisminDawson.
【答案】24.C25.B26.B27.A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。
文章主要介绍了Dawson这座城市的发展原因、过程与现状。
24.细节理解题。
根据文章第一段中Citiesusuallyhaveagoodreasonforbeingwheretheyare,likeanearbyportorriver.Peoplesettleintheseplacesbecausetheyareeasytogettoandnaturallysuitedtocommunicationsandtrade.NewYorkCity,forexample,isnearalargeharbouratthemouthoftheHudsonRiver.可知,人们选择在河边或港口设城是因为交通方便,便于做生意。
而纽约就是在哈德森河口附近的一个大港口,故纽约吸引早期移民的原因是它的地理位置,故C正确。
25.细节理解题。
根据文章第二段最后一句Ofthefirst20,000peoplewhodugforgold,4,000gotrich.About100ofthesestayedrichmenfortherestoftheirlives.可知,在最初挖黄金的两万人中有4000人变富有,所以是五分之一的人变富了,故B正确。
26.细节理解题。
根据文章最后一段中andwhentheyheardtherewerenewgolddiscoveriesinAlaska,theyleftDawsonCityasquicklyastheyhadcome.可知,人们离开Dawson的主要原因是听说在Alaska发现了黄金,也就是他们要去别的地方寻找发财的机会。
故B正确。
27.主旨大意题。
第一段简要介绍城市发展的原因,引出Dawson这一城市的兴起,第二段介绍了该城市兴起的原因,第三段介绍人们选择离开该城市的原因及现在的状况,所以全文围绕Dawson这个城市的发展起伏。
故A正确。
【变式探究】
(2017·
全国Ⅲ,D)
TheIntelligentTransportteamatNewcastleUniversityhaveturnedanelectriccarintoamobilelaboratorynamed“DriveLAB”inordertounderstandthechallengesfacedbyolderdriversandtodiscoverwherethekeystresspointsare.
Researchshowsthatgivingupdrivingisoneofthekeyreasonsforafallinhealthandwell-beingamongolderpeople,leadingtothembecomingmoreisolated(隔绝)andinactive.
LedbyProfessorPhilBlythe,theNewcastleteamaredevelopingin-vehicletechnologiesforolderdriverswhichtheyhopecouldhelpthemtocontinuedrivingintolaterlife.
Theseincludecustom-madenavigation(导航)tools,nightvisionsystemsandintelligentspeedadaptations.PhilBlytheexplains:
“Formanyolderpeople,particularlythoselivingaloneorinthecountry,drivingisimportantforpreservingtheirindependence,givingthemthefreedomtogetoutandaboutwithouthavingtorelyonothers.”
“Butweallhavetoacceptthataswegetolderourreactionsslowdownandthisoftenresultsinpeopleavoidinganypotentiallychallengingdrivingconditionsandlosingconfidenceintheirdrivingskills.Theresultisthatpeoplestopdrivingbeforetheyreallyneedto.”
DrAmyGuo,theleadingresearcherontheolderdriverstudy,explains:
“TheDriveLABishelpingustounderstandwhatthekeypointsanddifficultiesareforolderdriversandhowwemightusetechnologytoaddresstheseproblems.
”Forexample,mostofuswouldexpectolderdriversalwaysgoslowerthaneveryoneelsebutsurprisingly,wefoundthatin30mphzonestheystruggledtokeepataconstantspeedandsoweremorelikelytobreakthespeedlimitandbeatriskofgettingfined.We'
relookingatthebenefitsofsystemswhichcontroltheirspeedasawayofpreventingthat.
“Wehopethatourworkwillhelpwithtechnologicalsolutions(解决方案)toensurethatolderdriversstaysaferbehindthewheel.”
文章大意:
本文是一篇科普说明文,介绍了智能交通团队建立移动实验室,研究老年人开车存在的问题和难点,帮助老年人安全驾驶。
1.WhatisthepurposeoftheDriveLAB?
A.Toexplorenewmeansoftransport.
B.Todesignnewtypesofcars.
C.Tofindoutolderdriver'
sproblems.
D.Toteachpeopletrafficrules.
解析:
考查推理判断。
根据第一段最后一句中的“inordertounderstandthechallengesfacedbyolderdriversandtodiscoverwherethekeystresspointsare”可知,建立实验室的目的是要找出老年人开车有困难的地方,故选C。
2.WhyisdrivingimportantforolderpeopleaccordingtoPhilBlythe?
A.Itkeepsthemindependent.
B.Ithelpsthemsavetime.
C.Itbuildsuptheirstrength.
D.Itcurestheirmentalillnesses.
3.Whatdoresearchershopetodoforolderdrivers?
A.Improvetheirdrivingskills.
B.Developdriver-assisttechnologies.
C.Providetipsonrepairingtheircars.
D.Organizeregularphysicalcheckups.
根据第三段中的“theNewcastleteamaredevelopingin—vehicletechnologiesforolderdriverswhichtheyhopecouldhelpthemtocontinuedrivingintolaterlife”可知,研究者正在研发车载式的技术以帮助老年人晚年依然能开车,故选B。
4.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?
A.AnewModelElectricCar
B.ASolutiontoTrafficProblems
C.DrivingServicesforElders
D.KeepingOlderDriversontheRoad
考查标题判断。
本文的关键词是老年人驾车,重点讲述了为了让他们安全驾车所进行的研究。
故选D。
【变式探究】【2018·
天津