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(5)(BrE)molasses.
Unlikeradiationwhereeachofthederivedmeaningsisdirectlyconnectedtotheprimarymeaning,concatenationdescribesaprocesswhereeachofthelatermeaningisrelatedonlytotheprecedingonelikechains.Thoughthelatestsensecanbetracedbacktotheoriginal,thereisnodirectconnectioninbetween.Nowconsiderthesensesoftreacle.Senses
(1)and
(2)arenowentirelylost;
(3)and(4)areobsolete,andonly(5)remainscommoninuse.
Radiationandconcatenationarecloselyrelated,beingdifferentstagesofthedevelopmentleadingtopolysemy.Generally,radiationprecedesconcatenation.Inmanycases,thetwoprocessesworktogether,complementingeachother.)
3.Completethefollowingpassageaccordingtothetextwithasuitablewordforeachblank.
Polysemyisthe_____oflongsemanticdevelopmentofaword.Diachronically,apolysemantwaswhenitwasfirstcreatedanditbecame_____graduallywhenitacquiredmoreandmoremeaningslateron.Thefirstmeaningwasthe_____meaningandtherestwere______fromit.Synchronically,a_____hasanumberofmeaningsthat_____atthesametime.Amongthemthereisameaningwhichisthe_____meaning,andtherestareall_____toitinonewayoranotherandcanbe_____backtothecentralmeaning.
key
result
monosemic/monosemous
polysemic/polysemous
primary
derived
polysemant
coexist
central
primary/first
related
traced
4.Thewordboardhasanumberofmeanings,theprimarybeing‘along,broad,flatpieceofsawedwood'
andoneofthederivedmeaningsbeing‘agroupofpersonswhomanageorcontrolabusiness,schoolsystem,council’.Consultagooddictionaryandexplaininwhatwaythetwomeaningsarerelatedandwhatprocessisinvolved.
AccordingtoLDCE,thewordboardhasthefollowingmeanings:
1)alongthinflatpieceofcutwood
2)aflatsurfacewithpatterns,usedforplayinga(stated)gameon
3)aflatpieceofhardmaterialusedforputtinga(stated)foodon
4)alsonoticeboard-aflatpieceofhardmaterialfastenedtothewallinapublicplactopinnoticeon
5)BLACKBOARD
6)meals
7)acommitteeorassociation,asofcompanydirectorsorgovernmentofficials,setupforaspecialresponsibility
Fromthesedefinitions,weknowthattheprocessisconcatenation;
wecanseenosignoftheprimaryfromthederivedone.
Homonymy
1.Dedidewhetherthestatementsbelowaretrueorfalse.
a.Perfecthomonymssharethesamespellingandpronunciation.
b.Homonymscomemainlyfromborrowing,changesinsoundandspelling,anddialects.
c.Homonymsarewordswhosemeaningsarecloselyrelated.
d.Theoriginsofthewordsareakeyfactorindistinguishinghomonymsfrompolysemants.
e.Mosthomonymsarewordsthatarethesameinspelling,butdifferinsoundandmeaning.
keya.Tb.Fc.Fd.Te.F
2.Studythefollowingpassagesandexplaintherhetoricuseofhomonyms:
1)Thefollowingconversationtakesplacebetweenabutcherandacustomer.
‘Howcomeyoursausagestastelikemeatatoneend,butlikebreadattheother?
’thewomanasked.
Themanreplied:
‘Madam,intimeslikethesenobutchercanmakebothendsmeat.’
2)Oneswallowdoesn’tmakeasummer,butitsurelywarmsyouonacoldwinterday.
3)"
WhyisSundaythestrongestday?
"
Becausealltheothersareweekdays.
4)"
Whatcolourwouldyoupaintthesunandthewind?
Thesunroseandwindblue.
(1)Inthisdialogue,thecustomercriticizesthebutcherforhisnotputtingtoomuchmeatinthesausageshesells.Thebutcheristryingtobehumorousandcreatesapunbyusinghomonymsmeat-meet.Ononehand,tomakebothendsmeatmeansbothofthesausagesarefilledwithmeat;
ontheotherhand,tomakebothendsmeetisanidiom,meaninglivewithinone’sincome;
getjustenoughmoneyforone’sneeds.
(2)Swallowisahomograph.Hereithasgottwodifferentmeanings.Firstitcanbeabirdasintheproverb:
Oneswallowdoesn’tmakeasummer(meansoneswallowdoesnotmeanthatitisspringnow).Second,itreferstotheactofeatingone’sfoodquickly.Herethewordswallowisapunandthesentencemaymeans:
oneswallowofhotfood(oralcohol)doesnotmakeyousohotasyoufeelinsummer,buttheveryswallowofitdoesmakeyoufeelwarmonacoldwinterday.
(3).Weekandweakarehomophoneinthesentence.Thetwowordssharethesamepronunciation.Strongmeansoppositelywiththewordweak;
andSundayiswithweek.
(4).Rose,thepasttenseformoftheverbrise,hasthesamepronunciationasthecolourrose.Bluealsohasthesamepronunciationasblew,thepasttenseformoftheverbblow.
Synonymy
1.Howdoyouunderstandthestatementthat‘truesynonymyisnon-existent?
’
Synonymscanbedefinedaswordsdifferentinsoundandspellingbutmostnearlyalikeorexactlythesameinmeaning.Reasonableasitsounds,thisdefinitionissubjecttodisagreement.Ifonechoosesanygroupofsynonymsandanalysesthem,onewillfinddifferentshadesofmeaning.Inmyopinion,truesynonymyreferstothosewordsidenticalinmeaninginallitsaspects,i.e.bothingrammaticalmeaningandlexicalmeaning,includingconceptualandassociativemeanings.Synonymsofthistypeareinterchangeableineveryway.Itisobservedthatabsolutesynonymsarerareinnaturallanguagesandsomepeopleevenholdthatsuchsynonymsarenon-existant.Inviewoftheeconomylawoflanguage,everywordhasitsownplaceinthelanguageanditcan'
tcompletelymeanthesameasanother.However,therearesome,thoughnotsomany,absolutesynonymswhicharerestrictedtohighlyspecializedvocabulary,suchasscarlet-fever/scarlatinainmedicine,andcomposition/compoundinginlexicology.
2.WhatarethemajorsourcesofEnglishsynonyms?
Therearefourprincipalsources:
1)Borrowing.Borrowingwordsoftenresultsincoupletsortripletsbetweenoramongthenativeoriginandtheborrowedwordsfromotherlanguages,forexample,foe/enemy;
help/aid;
ask/question/interrogate.
2)DialectsandregionalEnglishlikerailway/railroadusedreaspectivelyinBritainandAmerican.
3)Figurativeandeuphemisticuseofwordslikedreamer/star-gazer(fig);
lie/distortthefact(euph).
4)Coincidencewithidiomaticexpressionslikewin/gaintheupperhand.)
3.Completethepassagebyfillingintheblanks,usingappropriateterms.
Synonymydealswithwordsthatarethe_____or____thesameinmeaning.Thewordswhicharefully_____inmeaningarecalled_____synonymsandalltheothersare_____synonyms._____synonymsareinterchangeablewhereas_____synonymsdifferinsuchareasas______,_____(stylisticandaffective),and_____.
keysame,nearly,identical,absolute,relative,Absolute,relative,denotation,connotation,application
4.Findsynonymsforthewordsintheleft-handlistbychoosingthemostsuitablewordfromtheright-handlist.
avaricious:
meek,nasty,greedy,graspingly
courteously:
polite,pleasant,rude,politely
emancipate:
setfree,setoff,avoid,comefrom
customary:
usual,usually,use,habitually
width:
wide,broad,depth,breadth,length
adversary:
opposite,enemies,foes,opponent
innocent:
unusual,harmless,sinless,childish
obstacle;
objection,fence,obstruction,delay
avaricious-greedycourteously–politely
emancipate-setfreecustomary-usual
width-breadthadversary-opponent
innocent-sinlessobstacle-obstruction
5.Arrangethefollowinggroupsofsynonymsaccordingtotheirdegreeofintensity:
a.genius,ability,talent
b.terror-stricken,frightened,alarmed
c.surprise,amaze,astonish
d.irritate,annoy,exasperate
e.pleasure,delight,rapture
f.sadness,grief,sorrow
g.pardon,forgive,excuse
h.zealous,eager,enthusiastic
i.fear,horror,panic
j.abuse,insult,slander
a.ability,talent,genius
b.alarmed,frightened,terror-stricken
c.surprise,astonish,amaze
d.annoy,irritate,exasperate
f.sadness,sorrow,grief
g.excuse,pardon,forgive
h.eager,enthusiastic,zealous
i.panic,fear,horror
i.insult,slander,abuse
Note:
Theorderisfromtheweakesttothestrongest.
6.Choosefromamongthelistawordwhichissynonymouswiththewordinboldtypeineachofthesen