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astrology,thereligiousreformation&

theeconomicexpansion.TheRenaissance,therefore,inessenceisahistoricalperiodinwhichtheEuropeanhumanistthinkers&

scholarsmadeattemptstogetridofthoseoldfeudalistideasinmedievalEurope,tointroducenewideasthatexpressedtheinterestsoftherisingbourgeoisie,&

torecoverthepurityoftheearlychurchfromthecorruptionoftheRomanCatholicChurch.

　2.Humanism:

HumanismistheessenceoftheRenaissance.ItsprangfromtheendeavortorestoreamedievalreverencefortheancientauthorsandisfrequentlytakenasthebeginningoftheRenaissanceonitsconscious,intellectualside,fortheGreekandRomancivilizationwasbasedonsuchaconceptionthatmanisthemeasureofallthings.Throughthenewlearning,humanistsnotonlysawtheartsofsplendorandenlightenment,butthehumanvaluesrepresentedintheworks.Renaissancehumanistsfoundintheclassicsajustificationtoexalthumannatureandcametoseethathumanbeingsweregloriouscreaturescapableofindividualdevelopmentinthedirectionofperfections,andthattheworldtheyinhabitedwastheirsnottodespisebuttoquestion,explore,andenjoy.Thus,byemphasizingthedignityofhumanbeingsandtheimportanceofthepresentlife,theyvoicedtheirbeliefsthatmandidnotonlyhavetherighttoenjoythebeautyofthislife,buthadtheabilitytoperfecthimselfandtoperformwonders.ThomasMore,ChristopherMarloweandWilliamShakespearearethebestrepresentativesoftheEnglishhumanists.

　3.Spenserianstanza:

SpenserianstanzawasinventedbyEdmundSpenser.Itisastanzaofninelines,withthefirsteightlinesiniambicpentameter&

thelastlineiniambichexameter,rhymingababbcbcc.

　4.Metaphysicalpoetry:

Theterm"

metaphysicalpoetry"

iscommonlyusedtonametheworkofthe17thcenturywriterswhowroteundertheinfluenceofJohnDonne.Witharebelliousspirit,themetaphysicalpoetstriedtobreakawayfromtheconventionalfashionoftheElizabethanlovepoetry.ThedictionissimpleascomparedwiththatoftheElizabethanortheNeoclassicperiods,andechoesthewordsandcadencesofcommonspeech.Theimageryindrawnfromtheactuallife.Theformisfrequentlythatofanargumentwiththepoet'

sbeloved,withGod,orwithhimself.

　5.TheRenaissancehero:

ARenaissanceheroreferstoonecreatedbyChristopherMarloweinhisdrama.Suchaheroisalwaysindividualisticandfullofambition,facingbravelythechallengefrombothgodsandmen.HeembodiesMarlowe'

shumanisticidesofhumandignityandcapacity.Differentfromthetragicheroinmedievalplays,whoseeksthewaytoheaventhroughsalvationandgod'

swill,heisagainstconventionalmoralityandcontrivestoobtainheavenonearththroughhisownefforts.Withtheendlessaspirationforpower,knowledge,andglory,theherointerpretsthetrueRenaissancespirit.BothTamburlaineandFaustusaretypicalinpossessingsuchaspirit.

I.EdmundSpenser

1.一般识记

　BriefIntroductiontotheAuthor

Englishpoet，borninLondon,England,about1552,anddiedinLondon,Jan13,1599.

2.识记HisMajorWorks

Spenser'

smostimportantwork&

masterpieceisTheFaerieQueene,agreatpoemofitsage.Acomplexmoral,religious,&

politicalallegory,itisalsoanepicthatexaltsQueenElizabethⅠ&

theEnglishnation.AccordingtoSpenser'

sownexplanation,hisprincipalintentionistopresentthrougha"

historicalpoem"

theexampleofaperfectgentleman:

"

tofashionagentlemanornoblepersoninvirtuous&

gentlediscipline."

ItsprincipalheroistheArthurofmedievallegend.Thesixbooksofthepoemillustratethenatureofparticularvirtues,suchas,temperance&

justice.OthermajorworksofSpenserareTheShepheardesCalender（1579）,apoemconsistingof12eclogues-correspondingtothe12monthsoftheyear;

Epithalamion（1595）,apoemexpressingthedeeppersonalfeelingsoccasionedbythepoetssecondmarriage;

Amoretti（1595）,aseriesofsonnets.

3.领会HisInfluence

　1）MainqualitiesofSpenser'

spoetry

　　①aperfectmelody

　　②araresenseofbeauty

　　③asplendidimagination

　　④aloftymoralpurity&

seriousness

　　⑤adedicatedidealism

　2）Inhiswriting,Spenserdrewontheconventions&

thoughtofClassical,medieval,&

Renaissanceliterature.However,headdedtohisfusionofthesediverseelementsmuchthatwasoriginal,&

hisworksinspiredmanylaterEnglishpoets.Hecreatedanewstanza,calledtheSpenserianstanza,whichiswellsuitedtonarrativeverse.HisskillsinwritingmelodiousEnglishverse&

hiscombinationofemotion,erudition,&

spiritualvisionhavewonhimtheadmirationofgenerationsofEnglishpoets.Itishisidealism,hisloveofbeauty,&

hisexquisitemelodythatmakehimknownas"

thepoets'

poet."

　4.应用

　TheFaerieQueene:

　1）Itisalong,allegoricalpoem.Inthepoem,Spenserdramatizedpolitical,religious,&

moralthemesbypersonifyingthem,ormakingthemcharacters.

　2）Plot:

Thestory,whichissetagainstabackgroundofArthur&

medievallegend,dealswiththeadventuresofsixknightsofthecourtofthefairyqueennamedGloriana,whorepresentsQueenElizabethⅠofEnglish.

　ThefaerieQueenwasleftunfinishedatSpenser'

sdeath.Itwasoriginallyplannedasa12-bookpoem.Butonly6bookswerecompleted.Thepoemisparticularlyadmiredforthemelodicbeautyofitslanguage&

foritsrichcontentofphilosophical&

mythologicalmaterialpresentedintheformofvividnarratives.

II.ChristopherMarlowe

1.一般识记

　BriefIntroduction

　Englishdramatist&

poet,borninCanterbury,England,Feb,6,1567,diedinDeptford,England,May30,1593.MarlowewasthefirstgreatEnglishDramatist.HebroughttotheEnglishstageanewconceptoftragedy,oneinwhichthedramacentersaroundthestrugglesofamanoverwhelmedbyhispassions&

ambitions.

　2.识记

　HisMajorWorks

　HismostfamoustragediesareDoctorFaustus,TheJewofMalta,Tamburlaine&

EdwardⅡ.Inhisplays,Marloweusedblankverse,whichhemoldedintoasuperbinstrumentforexpressingintenseemotions.AfterhisdevelopmentofblankverseitbecamethestandardmediumforEnglishdramatic&

epicpoetry.Hisnon-dramaticpoetryincludesHero&

Leander,"

thePassionateshepherdtoHislove,"

&

aversetranslationofOvid'

sAmores.

Marlowe'

sDoctorFaustus（about1589）,generallyconsideredhisbestplay,wasbasedonarealDr.Faustus,whowaslaterassociatedwithamedievallegendofamansellinghissoultothedevil.Theplay'

sdominantmoralishumanratherthanreligious.Itcelebratesthehumanpassionforknowledge,power&

happiness;

italsorevealsman'

sfrustrationinrealizingthehighaspirationsinahostilemoralorder.Thelastscene,inwhichFaustusconfrontshisdoom,brilliantlyrendersthefear&

agonyofacondemnedman.

　TheJewofMalta（about1589）illustratesMarlowe'

soutstandingportrayalofcharacter.Itshero,BarabastheJew,servedasthemodelforShylockinShakespeare'

sTheMerchantofVenice.Inabout1592.MarlowewroteoneofthefirstsuccessfulEnglishhistoricaldramas,EdwardⅡ。

Itishismostdramaticallymatureplay&

exhibitshismasteryofcharacterization,stagecraft&

rhetoric.

　Tamburlaineisaplayaboutanambitious&

pitilessTartarconquerorinthefourteenthcenturywhorosefromashepherdtoanoverpoweringKing.Bydepictingagreatherowithhighambition&

sheerbrutalforceinconqueringoneenemyafteranother,MarlowevoicedthesupremedesireofthemanoftheRenaissanceforinfinitepower&

authority.

　3.领会HisAchievements&

Influence

　Achievements:

Marlowe'

sgreatestachievementliesinthathe　perfectedtheblankverse&

madeittheprincipalmediumofEnglishdrama.

　HissecondachievementishiscreationoftheRenaissanceheroforEnglishdrama.

ThethemeofhisworksisthepraiseoftheRenaissancespirit.

　Hisinfluence:

Amanofwidelearning,Marlowewasoneoftheextraordinarypoets&

playwrightsofhistime."

smightyline,"

asBenJonsoncalledhisblankverse,wasoneofthemostimportantcontributionstotheartofEnglishliterature.

4.应用Dr.Faustus

　TheselectionofActⅠfromDr.FaustusismainlyaboutFaustusisshowinghisgreatambition,thatis,ifhehadmanysouls,hewouldgivethemalltotheDevilsothathecouldcontroltheworld.InportrayingFaustus,amoreintrospective&

philosophicalfigurethanTamburlaine,MarlowepraiseshissoaringaspirationforknowledgewhilewarningagainstthesinofpridesinceFaustus'

sdownfallwascausedbyhisdespairinGod&

trustinDevil.

Ⅲ.WilliamShakespeare

1.一般识记BriefIntroduction

WilliamShakespearewasthegreatestwriterofplayswhoeverlived.Hisfriend&

fellowplaywrightBenJonsonsaidthatShakespearewas"

notofanagebutforalltime."

The18th-centuryEnglishessayistSamuelJohnsondescribedhisworkas"

themirroroflife."

The19th-centuryEnglishpoetSamuelTaylorColeridgespokeof"

myriad-mindedShakespeare."

The20th-centuryEnglishdramatistGeorgeBernardShawstressedhis"

enormouspoweroverlanguage."

2.识记HisLife&

Career

TheexactdateofShakespeare'

sbirthisno