心理学导论transcript05Word文档下载推荐.docx

心理学导论transcript05Word文档下载推荐.docx

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sgoingtotalkaboutcognitivedevelopmentbytalkingabouthisideas.Hisideawasthatchildrenareactivethinkers;

they'

retryingtofigureouttheworld.Heoftendescribedthemaslittlescientists.Andincidentally,toknowwherehe'

scomingfromonthis,hehadaverydramaticandambitiousgoal.Hedidn'

tstartoffbecausehewasinterestedinchildren.Hestartedoffbecausehewasinterestedintheemergenceofknowledgeingeneral.Itwasadisciplinehedescribedasgeneticepistemologyâ

€“theoriginsofknowledge.Buthestudieddevelopmentoftheindividualchildbecausehewasconvincedthatthisdevelopmentwilltellhimaboutthedevelopmentofknowledgemoregenerally.There'

saverysnootyphrasethat--Idon'

tknowifyoueverhearditbefore.It'

sagreatphrase.It'

s"

Ontogenyrecapitulatesphylogeny."

Andtheideaofthis--Whatthatmeansisthatdevelopmentofanindividualmimicsorrepeatsdevelopmentofthespecies.Now,it'

sentirelynottrue,butit'

sabeautifulphraseandPiagetwascommittedtothis.Hewasveryinterestedinsaying,"

Look.We'

llfigurehowakiddevelopsandthatwilltellusaboutthedevelopmentofknowledgemoregenerally."

So,Piagetviewedthechildasascientistwhodevelopedthisunderstanding,theseschemas,theselittle,miniaturetheoriesoftheworld.Andtheydidthisthroughtwosortsofmechanisms:

assimilationandaccommodation.So,assimilationwouldbetheactofexpandingtherangeofthingsthatyourespondto.Piaget'

sexamplewouldbeababywho'

susedtosuckingonabreastmightcometosuckonabottleoronarattle.That'

schangingthescopeofthingsthatyourespondto.Accommodationischanginghowyoudoit.Ababywillformhismouthdifferentlydependingonwhathe'

ssuckingon.Andso,theseprocesseswhereyoutakein--I'

mgivingthisinaveryphysicalway,butinamorepsychologicalsenseyouhaveawayoflookingattheworld.Youcouldexpandittoencompassnewthings,assimilation.Butyoucouldalsochangeyoursystemofknowledgeitselfâ

€“accommodation.AndPiagetarguedthatthesetwomechanismsoflearningdrovethechildthroughdifferentstages.Andhehadastagetheory,whichwasquitedifferentfromtheFreudianstagetheorythatwehavebeenintroducedto.Sohismethodsweretoaskchildrentosolveproblemsandtoaskthemquestions.Andhisdiscoveriesthat--theydidthemindifferentwaysatdifferentagesledtotheemergenceoftheStageTheory.

So,forPiaget,thefirststageisthesensorimotorstageorthesensorimotorperiod.Forherethechildispurelyaphysicalcreature.Thechildhasnounderstandinginanyrealwayoftheexternalworld.There'

snounderstandingofthepast,nounderstandingofthefuture,nostability,nodifferentiation.Thechildjusttouchesandsees,butdoesn'

tyetreason.Andit'

sthroughthisstagethatachildgraduallycomestoacquireobjectpermanence.

Objectpermanenceistheunderstandingthatthingsexistwhenyounolongerseethem.Sothoseofyouinfront,you'

relookingatmeandIgo[ducksbehindlectern].Itoccurredtomeit'

dbeagreatmagictrickifIthenappearedinback.Butno,I'

mjusthere.That'

sobjectpermanence.IfIwentunderhereandthenthepeoplesaid,"

Wherethehelldidhego?

Classisover,"

thatwouldshowalackofobjectpermanence.So,adultshaveobjectpermanence.Piaget'

sveryinterestingclaimisthatkidsdon'

t.Beforesix-month-olds,Piagetobserved,youtakeanobjectthekidlikeslikearattle,youhideit,youputitbehindsomething,it'

slikeit'

sgone.Andheclaimedthechildreallythinksit'

sjustgone.Thingsdon'

tcontinuetoexistwhenI'

mnotlookingatthemanymore.Andsohenoticedthey--they'

resurprisedbypeek-a-boo.AndPiaget'

sclaimwasonereasonwhythey'

resurprisedatpeek-a-booisyougo--youlookatakid,thekid'

ssmilingandgo,"

Oh,peek-a-boo,"

andyouclose--andyoucoveryourfaceandthekidsays,"

He'

sgone."

"

Peek-a-boo."

Oh,thereheis.He'

Andyoureally--That'

stheclaim.

Piagetalsodiscoveredthatolderchildrenfailatataskthat'

sknownastheA-not-Btask.AndPeterGrayinhispsychologytextbookreferstoitasthe"

changinghidingplaces"

problem,whichisprobablyabetternameforit.Andhere'

stheidea.Youtakeanine-month-oldandforPiagetanine-month-oldisjuststartingtomakesenseofobjectsandtheirpermanence.Youtakeanobjectandyouputithereinacupwherethekidcan'

tseeit,butit'

sinthecup.Sothekid,ifyouwerethekid,willreachforit.Youdoitagain,reachforit.Youdoitagain,reachforit.That'

spointA.Thenyoutake--youmoveitoverhere.Piagetobservedkidswouldstillreachforthis.It'

slikethey'

renotsmartenoughtofigureoutthatit'

snotthereanymore,eveniftheyseeitmove.Andthiswasmoreevidencethattheyjustdon'

tunderstandobjects,andthatthisthingtakesalotoftimeandlearningtodevelop.

Thenextstageisthepreoperationalstage.Thechildstartsoffgraspingtheworldonlyinaphysicalway,inasensorimotorway,butwhenhegetstothepreoperationalperiodthecapacitytorepresenttheworld,tohavetheworldinsideyourhead,comesintobeing.Butit'

slimitedandit'

slimitedinacoupleofstrikingways.Onewayinwhichit'

slimitedisthatchildrenareegocentric.Now,egocentrismhasameaningincommonEnglishwhichmeanstobeselfish.Piagetmeantitinamoretechnicalway.Heclaimedthatchildrenatthisageliterallycan'

tunderstandthatotherscanseetheworlddifferentlyfromthem.So,oneofhisdemonstrationswasthethreemountainstask.Wehavethreemountainsoverthere.Youputachildononesideofthemountainsandyouaskhimtodrawit,andafour-orfive-year-oldcandoiteasily,butthenyouaskhimtodrawitasitwouldappearfromtheothersideandchildrenfindthisextraordinarilydifficult.Theyfinditverydifficulttograsptheworldasanotherpersonmightseeit.

AnothersignificantfindingPiagethadaboutthisphaseofdevelopmentconcernswhat'

scalled"

conservation."

Thenotionofconservationisthatthere'

swaystotransformthingssuchthatsomeaspectsofthemchangebutothersremainthesame.So,forinstance,ifyoutakeaglassofwaterandyoupouritintoanotherglassthat'

sshallowortall,itwon'

tchangetheamountofwateryouhave.Ifyoutakeabunchofpenniesandyouspreadthemout,youdon'

tgetmorepennies.Butkids,accordingtoPiaget,don'

tknowthatandthisisoneoftherealcooldemonstrations.Anyofyouwhohaveaccesstoafour-orfive-year-old,[laughter]asiblingorsomething--Donottakeonewithoutpermission,butifyouhaveaccesstoafour-orfive-year-oldyoucandothisyourself.Thisiswhatitlookslike.Thefirstonehasnosound.Thesecondoneisgoingtobesoundthat'

sgoingtocomeonattheend[playsvideo].Butthere'

stworowsofcheckers.Sheasksthekidwhichonehasmore.Thekidsaysthey'

rethesame.Thenshesays--Nowsheaskshimwhichonehasmore,thatorthat.Sothat'

sreallystupid.Andit'

sanamazingfindingkidswilldothatandit'

sarobustfinding.

Here'

sanotherexample.So,they'

rethesame[tapeplaying].So,it'

sacoolfindingofthatstage,suggestingalimitationinhowyoudealandmakesenseoftheworld.Thenextphase,concreteoperations,fromseventotwelve,youcansolvetheconservationproblem,butstillyou'

relimitedtotheextentyou'

recapableofabstractreasoning.Sothemathematicalnotionsofinfinityorlogicalnotionslikelogicalentailmentarebeyondachildofthisage.Thechildisabletodoalot,butstillit'

stosomeextentstuckintheconcreteworld.Andthenfinally,ataroundagetwelve,youcouldgetabstractandscientificreasoning.AndthisisthePiagetiantheoryinverybriefform.

Now,PiagetfaredalotbetterthandidFreudorSkinnerforseveralreasons.Onereasonistheseareinterestingandfalsifiableclaimsaboutchilddevelopment.Soclaimsthat--aboutthefailureofconservationinchildrenatdifferentagescouldbeeasilytestedandsystematicallytested,andinfact,there'

salotofsupportforthem.Piagethadarichtheoreticalframework,pullingtogetherallsortsofobservationsindifferentways,wrotemany,manybooksandarticlesandarticulatedhistheoryveryrichly.Andmostofall,Ithink,hehadsomereallystrikingfindings.BeforePiaget,nobodynoticedtheseconservationfindings.BeforePiaget,nobodynoticedthatbabieshadthisproblemtrackingandunderstandingobjects.

Atthesametime,however,therearelimitationsinPiaget'

stheory.Someoftheselimitationsaretheoretical.It'

saninterestingquestionastowhetherhereallyexplainshowachildgoesfromaconcretethinkertoanabstractthinker,orhowhegoesfromnothavingobjectpermanencetounderstandingobjectpermanence.There'

smethodologicallimitations.Piagetwasreallybigintoquestionandanswer,butoneproblemwiththisisthatchildrenaren'

tverygoodwithlanguage,andthismightleadyoutounderestimatehowmuchtheyknow.Andthisisparticularlyaproblemtheyoungeryouget.

Methodologyisgoingtoloomheavyinthediscussionofanyscienceandthatincludespsychology.Often90%ofthegameisdiscoveringaclevermethodthroughwhichtotestyourhypotheses.We'

regoingtotalkalittlebitaboutthatregardingbabies.I'

llgiveyouanotherexamplefromaverydifferentdomain.Therewasasetofscientistsinterestedinstudyingtickling.So,whenyouticklesomebody,underwha