behav11testWord文档格式.docx

behav11testWord文档格式.docx

《behav11testWord文档格式.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《behav11testWord文档格式.docx（36页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

mode）

DefineAccuracy

Thetruenessoftestmeasurements

DefineAlternateHypothesis

Hypothesisthatthereissomedifference

DefineCoefficientofDetermination

r^2（Correlationcoefficientsquared）

DefineCorrelationcoefficient（r）

Alwaysbetween-1and1.Absolutevalueindicatesthestrengthofcorrelation.

DefineNegativePredictiveValue

Numberoftruenegatives/numberthattestedneg.fordisease

DefinePositivePredictiveValue

Numberoftruepositives/numberthattestedpos.fordiseaseortheprob.Of 

havingacondition,givenapos.test

DefinePrecision

Theconsistencyofatest（reliability）,absenceofrandomerror

DefinePrimaryDiseasePrevention

Preventoccurrence,e.g.,vaccination

DefineRelativeRisk

Diseaseriskinexposedgroup/diseaseriskinunexposedgroup;

a/a+b/c/c+d

DefineReliability

Reproducibilityofatest;

repeatmeasurementsarethesame

DefineSecondaryDiseasePrevention

Earlydetectionofdisease,e.g.,Papsmear

DefineSEM

StandardErroroftheMean;

standarddeviation/squarerootofn（samplesize）

Definesensitivity

Numberoftruepositives/allpeoplewithdisease

Definespecificity

Numberoftruenegatives/numberofallpeoplew/othedisease

DefineTertiaryDiseasePrevention

Reducedisabilityformdisease,e.g.insulinfordiabetics

DefinethePowerofastudy

Probabilityofrejectinganullhypothesiswhenitisfalse

DefineValidity

Whetheratesttrulymeasureswhatitpurportstomeasure;

theappropriatenessofatest

Dodivorceesremarryfrequently?

Yes

Howdodiseaseprevalenceandpositivepredictivevaluerelate?

Higherprevalence=HigherPositivePredictiveValue

Howdoprevalenceandincidencerelatetodiseaselength?

P>

Iforchronicdiseases;

P=Iforacutediseases

HowdoSEMandStandardDeviationrelate?

SD>

SEM;

asnincreases,SEMdecreases

Howdoyoumeasurethe'

power'

ofastudyortheprobabilitythatthestudywillseeadifferenceifoneexists?

1-beta

HowdoesalpharelatetotheTypeIerror?

ItistheprobabilityofmakingaTypeIerror,isequaltop（pisusually<

.05）

HowdoesbetarelatetotheTypeIIerror?

BetaistheprobabilityofmakingaTypeIIerror

Howmanypeople>

65

35,000,000（approx.13%）

Ifthe95%confidenceintervalforORofRRincludes1,whatdoesthismean?

Thatthestudyisinconclusive

Inwhatagegroupwillthegreatestpopulationincreasebeseenin?

Those>

85

IncreasingsamplesizewillaffectthePowerofastudyhow?

ByincreasingthePower

Isdivorcerelatedtoindustrialization?

No

IsHIVpositivityareportabledisease?

Marriagesathighrisk

Teenagemarriages,Mixedreligions,Lowsocio-economicstatus

MemoryaidforMedicare/Medicaid

MedicarE=Elderly;

MedicaiD=Destitute

PreventiveservicesneededforAlcoholism

Influenza,pneumococcalimmunizations;

TBtest

PreventiveservicesneededforDiabetes

Eye,footexams;

Urinetest

PreventiveservicesneededforDrugAbuse

HIV,TBtests;

hepatitisimmunization

PreventiveservicesneededforHigh-risksexualbehavior

HIV,HepB,syphilis,gonorrhea,chlamydiatests

PreventiveservicesneededforHomeless,Refugee,orImmigrant

PreventiveservicesneededforObesity

Bloodglucosetest

Randomerroryieldspoor………?

Precision

RelativeRiskisusedforwhatkindofstudy?

Cohort

Systematicerroryieldspoor………?

Accuracy

U.S.populationin2000

300,000,000

Unlikespecificityandsensitivity,whatarepredictivevaluesdependenton?

Prevalenceofdiseaseinthepopulation

Whatareriskfactorsforsuicide?

White,male,alone,priorattempts,presenceandlethalityofplan,medicalillness,alcoholordruguse,on3ormoreprescriptionmeds.

WhataretheleadingcausesofdeathinAGE1-14?

Injuries,cancer,congenitalanomalies,homicide,heartdisease

WhataretheleadingcausesofdeathinAGE15-24?

Injuries,homicide,suicide,cancer,heartdisease

WhataretheleadingcausesofdeathinAGE25-64?

Cancer,heartdisease,injuries,stroke,suicide

WhataretheleadingcausesofdeathinAGE65+?

Heartdisease,cancer,stroke,COPD,pneumonia

WhataretheleadingcausesofdeathinINFANTS?

Congenitalanomalies,SIDS,shortgestation,respiratorydistresssyndrome,maternalcomplicationsduringpregnancy

Whatarethemostcommonsurgeries?

Dilationandcurettage,hysterectomy,tonsillectomy,sterilization,herniarepair,oophorectomy,cesareansection,cholecystectomy

Whatarethereportablediseases?

AIDS,chickenpox,gonorrhea,hepatitisAandB,measles,mumps,rubella,salmonella,shigella,syphilis,andtuberculosis

Whatdoesat-testcheck?

Thedifferencebetweentwomeans（Mr.Tismean）

WhatdoesanANOVAanalyze?

Varianceof3ormorevariables（AnalysisofVariance）

WhatdoesSADPERSONSrepresent?

Sex（male）,Age,Depression,Previousattempt,Ethanol,Rationalthought,Sickness,Organizedplan,Nospouse,Socialsupportlacking

WhatfactorsinfluencethePowerofastudy?

1）Thetotal#ofendpointsexperiencedbyapopulation;

2）Differenceincompliancebetweentreatmentgroups

Whatisacase-controlstudy?

Observationalstudy.Samplechosenbasedonpresenceorabsenceofdisease. 

Infocollectedaboutriskfactors.

WhatisaClinicaltrial?

Experimentalstudy.Comparesbenefitof2ormoretreatments.

WhatisaCohortstudy?

Observationalstudy.SamplechosenbasedonpresenceorabsenceofRiskFactors. 

Subjectsfollowedovertimefordiseasedevelopment. 

（Framinghamstudy）

Whatisamemorykeyforsuicideriskfactors?

SADPERSONS

WhatisaNullHypothesis?

Hypothesisofnodifference,e.g.,noassoc.betweendiseaseandriskfactor

WhatisapitfallofMeta-analysis?

Cannotovercomelimitationsofindividualstudiesorbiasinstudyselection

WhatisaTypeIerror（alpha）?

Statingthataneffectofdifferenceexistswhenonereallydoesnot

WhatisaTypeIIerror（beta）

Statingthatthereisnotaneffectordifferencewhenactuallythereis

WhatisanOddsRatiousedfor?

Approximatesrelativeriskwhenprevalenceisnottoohigh;

OR=ad/bc

WhatisChi-Squaretestusedfor?

Tocheckdifferencesbetween2ormorepercentagesorproportionsofcategoricaloutcomes

Whatisdesirableforconfirmatorytests?

Highspecificity

Whatisdesirableforscreeningtests?

Highsensitivityisdesirableforascreeningtest

Whatisincidence?

Numberofnewcasesinapopulationperunittime

WhatisMedicaid?

Fed.AndStateassistanceforthoseonwelfareorwhoareindigent

WhatisMedicarePartA?

Hospitalrelated

WhatisMedicarePartB?

Supplemental

WhatisMedicare?

Fed.ProgramfortheElderly

Whatisprevalence?

Totalnumberofcasesinapopulationatagiventime（incidencexdiseaseduration）

WhatistheFalseNegativeRatio?

1-sensitivity

WhatistheFalsePositiveRatio?

1-specificity

Whatisthehighestqualitystudy?

ClinicalTrial

Whatisthepvalue?

TheprobabilityofmakingaTypeIerror.

Whatpercentofmedicalcostswillthose>

35incur?

30%

WhattypeofstudiesareOddsRatiosusedfor?

Whendodivorcespeak?

Duringthe2ndto3rdyear.

Whichsexhasthemostsurgeries?

Females

DefineAutonomy.

Obligationtorespectptsasindividualsandtohonortheirpreferencesinmedicalcare

Legally,whatdoesinformedconsentrequire?

-discussionofpertinentinformation

-obtainingthepatient'

sagreementtotheplanofcare

-freedomfromcoercion

Ptautonomyvs.beneficence:

whendoesautonomywinout?

Ifptmakesaninformeddecision,ultimately,thept.hastherighttodecide.

What3proofsarerequiredforasucessfulmalpracticecivilsuitforneglegence?

-Dr.breachofdutytopatient

-pt.suffersharm

-breachofdutycausesharm

Note--beyondreasonabledoubtnotneeded,justmorelikelythannot

Whatarethe4exceptionstoconfidentiality?

-potentialharmtoothersisserious

-likelihoodofharmisgreat

-noalternativemeansexisttowarnortoprotectthoseatrisk

-Drs.Cantakestepstopreventharm

Whatarethe4exceptionstoinformedconsent?

-pt.lacksdecision-makingcapacity（notletallycompetent）

-impliedconsentinanemergency

-therapeuticprivelege--withholdinginformationwhendisclosurewouldseverlyharmtheptorundermineinformeddecision-makingcapacity

-waver--pt.waves

Whatarethe5signsofapt'

sdecision-makingcapacity?

-pt.makesandcommunicatesachoice

-pt.isinformed

-decisionremainsstableovertime

-decisionco