william抄袭范文模板 10页.docx

william抄袭范文模板 10页.docx

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william抄袭范文模板10页

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will.i.am抄袭

篇一：

论抄袭（英文）

APRIL201XATLANTIC

Inthewakeofrecentscandalssomedistinctionsareinorder

byRichardA.Posner

OnPlagiarism

Recentlytwopopularhistorianswerediscoveredtohaveliftedpassagesfromotherhistorians'books.Theyidentifiedthesourcesinfootnotes,buttheyfailedtoplacequotationmarksaroundthepurloinedpassages.Bothhistorianswerequicklyburiedunderanavalancheofcriticism.Thescandalwillsoonbeforgotten,butitleavesinitswakethequestionsWhatis"plagiarism"?

andWhyisitreprobated?

Theseareimportantquestions.Thelabel"plagiarist"canruinawriter,destroyascholarlycareer,blastapolitician'schancesforelection,andcausetheexpulsionofastudentfromacollegeoruniversity.Newcomputersearchprograms,thoughtheymayinthelongrundeterplagiarism,willintheshortrunleadtothediscoveryofmorecasesofit.

Wemustdistinguishinthefirstplacebetweenaplagiaristandacopyrightinfringer.Theyarebothcopycats,butthelatteristryingtoappropriaterevenuesgeneratedbypropertythatbelongstosomeoneelse—namely,theholderofthecopyrightontheworkthattheinfringerhascopied.Apiratededitionofacurrentbestsellerisagoodexampleofcopyrightinfringement.Thereisnocopyrightinfringement,however,ifthe"stolen"intellectualpropertyisinthepublicdomain（inwhichcaseitisnotpropertyatall）,orifthepurposeisnotappropriationofthecopyrightholder'srevenue.Thedoctrineof"fairuse"permitsbriefpassagesfromabooktobequotedinabookrevieworacriticalessay;andtheparodistofacopyrightedworkispermittedtocopyasmuchofthatworkasisnecessarytoenablereaderstorecognizethenewworkasaparody.Awritermay,forthatmatter,quoteapassagefromanotherwriterjusttolivenupthenarrative;buttodosowithoutquotationmarks—topassoffanotherwriter'swritingasone'sown—ismorelikefraudthanlikefairuse.

"Plagiarism,"inthebroadestsenseofthisambiguousterm,issimplyunacknowledgedcopying,whetherofcopyrightedoruncopyrightedwork.（Indeed,itmightbeofuncopyrightablework—forexample,ofanidea.）IfIreprintHamletundermyownname,Iamaplagiaristbutnotaninfringer.ShakespearehimselfwasaformidableplagiaristinthebroadsenseinwhichI'musingtheword.ThefamousdescriptioninAntonyandCleopatraofCleopatraonherroyalbargeistakenalmostverbatimfromatranslationofPlutarch'slifeofMarkAntony:

"oneithersideofher,pretty,fairboysapparelledaspaintersdosetforththegodCupid,withlittlefansintheirhands,withwhichtheyfannedwinduponher"becomes"oneachsideher/Stoodprettydimpledboys,likesmilingCupids,/Withdivers-colour'dfans,whosewinddidseem/Toglowthedelicatecheekswhichtheydidcool."（NoticehowShakespeareimprovedupontheoriginal.）InTheWasteLand,T.S.Eliot"stole"thefamousopeningofShakespeare'sbargepassage,"Thebargeshesatin,likea

burnish'dthrone,/Burn'donthewater"becoming"TheChairshesatin,likeaburnishedthrone,/Glowedonthemarble."

MentionofShakespearebringstomindthatWestSideStoryisjustoneofthelinksinachainofplagiarismsthatbeganwithOvid'sPyramusandThisbeandcontinuedwiththeforgottenArthurBrooke'sTheTragicalHistoryofRomeusandJuliet,whichwasplunderedheavilybyShakespeare.MiltoninParadiseLostplagiarizedGenesis,asdidThomasManninJosephandHisBrothers.Examplesarenotlimitedtowriting.OnefrompaintingisEdouardManet,whoseworksfromthe1860s"quote"extensivelyfromRaphael,Titian,Velásquez,Rembrandt,andothers,ofcoursewithoutexpressacknowledgment.

Iftheseareexamplesofplagiarism,thenwewantmoreplagiarism.Theyshowthatnotallunacknowledgedcopyingis"plagiarism"inthepejorativesense.Althoughthereisnoformalacknowledgmentofcopyinginmyexamples,neitheristhereanylikelihoodofdeception.Andthecopierhasaddedvaluetotheoriginal—thisisnotslavishcopying.Plagiarismisalsoinnocentwhennovalueisattachedtooriginality;sojudges,whotrytoconcealoriginalityandpretendthattheirdecisionsareforeordained,"steal"freelyfromoneanotherwithoutattributionoranyillwill.

Butallthatcanbesaidindefenseofawriterwho,merelytospiceuphiswork,incorporatespassagesfromanotherwriterwithoutacknowledgmentisthatthereadabilityofhisworkmightbeimpairedifhehadtointerruptafast-pacednarrativetoconfessthat"apredecessorofmine,___,hassaidwhatIwanttosaynextbetterthanIcan,soratherthanparaphrasehim,Igiveyouthefollowingpassage,indentedandinquotationmarks,fromhisbook___."Andnoteventhatmuchcanbesaidindefenseofthewriterwhoplag