第三章 名词英语.docx

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第三章名词英语

Chapter3、Noun名词

number词的数;case词的格;gender词的性

 

一、number词的数

Hecaughtfivefish.

Thecatlikefish.(不强调种类时不可数)

threefishes(强调不同种类时可数)

salmon沙纹鱼/鲑鱼/大麻哈鱼,trout鳟/鲑鱼,cod鳕鱼等单数复数一样

sheep,deer,aircraft,craft单数复数一样

EnemyaircrafthaveseenoverLonden.

Craftofalltypesaretakingpartintherace.

4.没有标志的复数名词的复数

people,folk(人,人们),police,cattle,poultry(家禽),livestock(牲畜),vermin(害虫),offspring(子孙,后代)

police:

Thepolicearelookingforhim.

Thereareafewpoliceonguardatthegate.

Severalhundredpoliceguardedthepalace

(不可用fivepolice,不可具体,但可模糊)

cattle:

Cattlewereallowedtograzeonthevillagecommon.

Hehas20(headof)cattleonthefarm.(head不+s)

fruit:

Hedoesn’teatmuchfruit.(泛指不可数)

Thepotatoisavegetablenotafruit.(指一种时可数)

Greecehassomewonderfulfruits.(表种类,几种时可数)

Ihopetheoldmanlivestoenjoythefruitsofhislabour.(表劳动成果时可数)

hair:

Hisblackhairwasgoinggrey.(泛指一个人的头发时不可数)

Ifoundahair(twohairs)inthesoup.(用作一根根数时可数)

5.集体名词

Audience,staff,family,public,committee,enemy,sheep

family

Myfamilyisverylarge.(看做整体用做单数)

Hisfamilyarewaitingforhim.(做家庭成员时用做复数)

public:

Thepublicwasconvincedforhisinnocence.(公共整体做单数)

Thepublicnowknowthestory.

Thepublicis(are)requestednottoleavelitterinthepark.

committee

Ourcommitteehasconsideredyourrequest.

Thecommitteearedividedintheiropinion.

enemy

Theenemyareinflight(逃跑).(逃跑时不是一个整体,所以用复数)

Theenemyis(are)retreating(撤退).(撤退时通常为一个整体,所以用单数)

sheep

Aflockofsheepwasgrazinginthefield.

Aflockofsheepwerestrayingallovertheroadandcausingconfusionamongthetraffic.

总是用做单数的:

a)抽象名词:

advice,knowledge,informaition

b)集体名词:

baggage,luggage,furniture,rubbish

总是用做复数的:

a)quarters(住处),premises(房屋)

b)clothes,pajamas(睡衣),trousers,shorts(短裤),pants,scissors,chopsticks,pliers(钳子),etc

cf:

clothes-clothing,poem-poetry,novel-fiction

二、case词的格

1.

aman’sjob

thehorse’smouth

women’schothes

agirls’school

thestudents’hostel

theSmiths’car

*myaunts’husbands

thehusbandsofmyaunts

*myfriends’jewels

thejewelsofmyfriends

2.

MrJones’s(MrJones’)house

Yeats’s(Yeats’)Poems

3.withclassicalnameswejustadd:

Pythagoras’Theorem

Archimedes’Law

4.for…sake:

forgoodness’sake

forpeace’sake

forconsceience’sake

5.withcompounds:

放在最后

mybrother-in-law’sguitar

HenrytheEighth’swives

thePrinceofWales’shelicopter

inayearortwo’stime

Wehadanhourandahalf’stalk.

AdamandEve’schildren

*Tomandhisbrother’shouse

Tom’sandhisborther’shouse

4.useofthepossessivecase:

所有格的用法

1)

DrArnold’spupilswerealwaysdiligent.(指所有的学生)

WewerepupilsofDrArnold.(并不是全部的学生)

thisdoctor’syoungwife=theyoungwifeofthisdoctor

withsomecaseswecanonlyuseof+noun,eg:

Theboysranaboutobeyingthedirectionsofamanwithawhistle.

(因有withawhistle或+定从就无法用’s)

ItooktheadviceofacoupleImetonthetrainandhiredacar.

2)

HistoryofEngland(commonuse)

England’shistory

Nelson’slife(的一生)

thelifeofNelson(传记,书名)

today’s(今天的)

oftoday(当代的,当今的)

theking’spraise(别人表扬国王或国王表扬别人,主动也可被动)

Hewaspleasedbytheking’spraise

Heisalwayssingingtheking’spraise.

Yourservice/supportisvaluable.

Nobodywillbeatyourservice/support.

Everybodywasexcitedatthemrderer’scapture.

Everybodywassurprisedathisarrest

3)classifyingpossessive:

起分类作用

Hehasgotadoctor’sdegree.

Haveyouacopyoftheteacher’sbook?

(不可用of,有类别限制)

men’sclothing

children’spictorial

4)doublepossessive双重所有格

acriticismofShow(=opinionaboutShow)

acriticismofShow’s(=Show’sopinionaboutothers)

aportraitoftheking(=portrayinghim)国王本人画的一张画像

aportraitoftheking’s(=hispossion,orpaintedbyhim)国王拥有的一张作品

5)withemothionalimplication:

lookatthatnicesonofyours(contempt)

thatcleverremarkofyoursit’s

thisnotoriousschemeoftheking’s

三、gender词的性

1.youth

Halfadozenyouthswerestandingatthestreetcorner.

(用做可数名词时指男青年,当指男女青年都有时用不可数形式)

Theyouthtodaydon’tknowwhattheywant.

2.baby,infant,child

Thebabywassleepinginitscot.

(因baby较小,一般不用性别区分所以用it)

Watchout!

Thebabyistryingtoputthetoywatchintohismouth.

(父母不愿意用it来指代baby,就用hisorher)

3.

Theshipstruckaniceberg,whichtoreahugeholeinherside.

Scotlandlostmanyofherbravestmenintwogreatrebellions.

Deathwillcomewhenheisleastexpected.

Isthisyoursportbike?

Howmuchisit?

Isthatyoursportsbike?

Yes,she’slovely,isn’tshe?

(当把看某物成宠物或宝贝时可用sheorhe)

Thecatisausefulanimalbecauseiteatsrats.

Thecatleapedontomybedandcoiledherselfhere.

 

一、基础练习

1、Thereareonlytwelve______ inthehospital.

A.womandoctors   B.womendoctors

C.womendoctor      D.womandoctor

2、MrSmithhastwo_______ ,bothofwhomareteachersinaschool.

A.brothers-in-law   B.brot

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