第三章 名词英语.docx
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第三章名词英语
Chapter3、Noun名词
number词的数;case词的格;gender词的性
一、number词的数
Hecaughtfivefish.
Thecatlikefish.(不强调种类时不可数)
threefishes(强调不同种类时可数)
salmon沙纹鱼/鲑鱼/大麻哈鱼,trout鳟/鲑鱼,cod鳕鱼等单数复数一样
sheep,deer,aircraft,craft单数复数一样
EnemyaircrafthaveseenoverLonden.
Craftofalltypesaretakingpartintherace.
4.没有标志的复数名词的复数
people,folk(人,人们),police,cattle,poultry(家禽),livestock(牲畜),vermin(害虫),offspring(子孙,后代)
police:
Thepolicearelookingforhim.
Thereareafewpoliceonguardatthegate.
Severalhundredpoliceguardedthepalace
(不可用fivepolice,不可具体,但可模糊)
cattle:
Cattlewereallowedtograzeonthevillagecommon.
Hehas20(headof)cattleonthefarm.(head不+s)
fruit:
Hedoesn’teatmuchfruit.(泛指不可数)
Thepotatoisavegetablenotafruit.(指一种时可数)
Greecehassomewonderfulfruits.(表种类,几种时可数)
Ihopetheoldmanlivestoenjoythefruitsofhislabour.(表劳动成果时可数)
hair:
Hisblackhairwasgoinggrey.(泛指一个人的头发时不可数)
Ifoundahair(twohairs)inthesoup.(用作一根根数时可数)
5.集体名词
Audience,staff,family,public,committee,enemy,sheep
family
Myfamilyisverylarge.(看做整体用做单数)
Hisfamilyarewaitingforhim.(做家庭成员时用做复数)
public:
Thepublicwasconvincedforhisinnocence.(公共整体做单数)
Thepublicnowknowthestory.
Thepublicis(are)requestednottoleavelitterinthepark.
committee
Ourcommitteehasconsideredyourrequest.
Thecommitteearedividedintheiropinion.
enemy
Theenemyareinflight(逃跑).(逃跑时不是一个整体,所以用复数)
Theenemyis(are)retreating(撤退).(撤退时通常为一个整体,所以用单数)
sheep
Aflockofsheepwasgrazinginthefield.
Aflockofsheepwerestrayingallovertheroadandcausingconfusionamongthetraffic.
总是用做单数的:
a)抽象名词:
advice,knowledge,informaition
b)集体名词:
baggage,luggage,furniture,rubbish
总是用做复数的:
a)quarters(住处),premises(房屋)
b)clothes,pajamas(睡衣),trousers,shorts(短裤),pants,scissors,chopsticks,pliers(钳子),etc
cf:
clothes-clothing,poem-poetry,novel-fiction
二、case词的格
1.
aman’sjob
thehorse’smouth
women’schothes
agirls’school
thestudents’hostel
theSmiths’car
*myaunts’husbands
thehusbandsofmyaunts
*myfriends’jewels
thejewelsofmyfriends
2.
MrJones’s(MrJones’)house
Yeats’s(Yeats’)Poems
3.withclassicalnameswejustadd:
Pythagoras’Theorem
Archimedes’Law
4.for…sake:
forgoodness’sake
forpeace’sake
forconsceience’sake
5.withcompounds:
放在最后
mybrother-in-law’sguitar
HenrytheEighth’swives
thePrinceofWales’shelicopter
inayearortwo’stime
Wehadanhourandahalf’stalk.
AdamandEve’schildren
*Tomandhisbrother’shouse
Tom’sandhisborther’shouse
4.useofthepossessivecase:
所有格的用法
1)
DrArnold’spupilswerealwaysdiligent.(指所有的学生)
WewerepupilsofDrArnold.(并不是全部的学生)
thisdoctor’syoungwife=theyoungwifeofthisdoctor
withsomecaseswecanonlyuseof+noun,eg:
Theboysranaboutobeyingthedirectionsofamanwithawhistle.
(因有withawhistle或+定从就无法用’s)
ItooktheadviceofacoupleImetonthetrainandhiredacar.
2)
HistoryofEngland(commonuse)
England’shistory
Nelson’slife(的一生)
thelifeofNelson(传记,书名)
today’s(今天的)
oftoday(当代的,当今的)
theking’spraise(别人表扬国王或国王表扬别人,主动也可被动)
Hewaspleasedbytheking’spraise
Heisalwayssingingtheking’spraise.
Yourservice/supportisvaluable.
Nobodywillbeatyourservice/support.
Everybodywasexcitedatthemrderer’scapture.
Everybodywassurprisedathisarrest
3)classifyingpossessive:
起分类作用
Hehasgotadoctor’sdegree.
Haveyouacopyoftheteacher’sbook?
(不可用of,有类别限制)
men’sclothing
children’spictorial
4)doublepossessive双重所有格
acriticismofShow(=opinionaboutShow)
acriticismofShow’s(=Show’sopinionaboutothers)
aportraitoftheking(=portrayinghim)国王本人画的一张画像
aportraitoftheking’s(=hispossion,orpaintedbyhim)国王拥有的一张作品
5)withemothionalimplication:
lookatthatnicesonofyours(contempt)
thatcleverremarkofyoursit’s
thisnotoriousschemeoftheking’s
三、gender词的性
1.youth
Halfadozenyouthswerestandingatthestreetcorner.
(用做可数名词时指男青年,当指男女青年都有时用不可数形式)
Theyouthtodaydon’tknowwhattheywant.
2.baby,infant,child
Thebabywassleepinginitscot.
(因baby较小,一般不用性别区分所以用it)
Watchout!
Thebabyistryingtoputthetoywatchintohismouth.
(父母不愿意用it来指代baby,就用hisorher)
3.
Theshipstruckaniceberg,whichtoreahugeholeinherside.
Scotlandlostmanyofherbravestmenintwogreatrebellions.
Deathwillcomewhenheisleastexpected.
Isthisyoursportbike?
Howmuchisit?
Isthatyoursportsbike?
Yes,she’slovely,isn’tshe?
(当把看某物成宠物或宝贝时可用sheorhe)
Thecatisausefulanimalbecauseiteatsrats.
Thecatleapedontomybedandcoiledherselfhere.
一、基础练习
1、Thereareonlytwelve______ inthehospital.
A.womandoctors B.womendoctors
C.womendoctor D.womandoctor
2、MrSmithhastwo_______ ,bothofwhomareteachersinaschool.
A.brothers-in-law B.brot