旅游和社会经济发展肯尼亚蒙巴萨旅游度假区的案例研究外文翻译Word格式.docx

旅游和社会经济发展肯尼亚蒙巴萨旅游度假区的案例研究外文翻译Word格式.docx

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DepartmentofTourismManagement,MoiUniversity,Eldoret,Kenya

Author:

JohnS.AkamaandDamiannahKieti

ThispaperlooksatissuessurroundingsustainabletourismasatoolforlocalsocioeconomicdevelopmentinKenya,usingthecasestudyofMombasaResortTown.IllustratedbyprimarydatafromfieldinterviewsandsurveysinMombasa,backedbysecondarydata,itfindsthatduetothenatureoftheKenyantourismindustry（externalcontrolandmanagementoftourismestablishments,limitedlocalinvolvementandhighleakagerates）,theindustryhasnotplayedaneffectiveroleinlocalsocio-economicdevelopment.Waysforwardaresuggested.doi:

10.2167/jost543.0

Keywords:

tourismindevelopingcountries,sustainabletourismdevelopment,

socio-economicdevelopment,Kenyantourism,communitytourism

Introduction

Theconceptofsustainabletourismstrivestoharmoniseandreconcileissuesofintergenerationalequity,andthegoalsofeconomicgrowth,environmentalprotectionandsocialjustice.Itrecognisestheneedforfairnessbetweenlocalindividualsandgroups,andbetweenhostsandguests（Mbaiwa,2005）.Iftheconceptofsustainabletourismistransformedintoaction,itisexpectedtocontributetothesustainabilityoftheenvironment,socialandculturalresourcesandoverallsocio-economicdevelopment.Theincreasingpopularityoftheconceptderivesfromthewidelyheldviewthatthereisaneedtoaltercurrentformsofconsumptionthatperceiveexistingresourcesasbeinginfinite.

Alotofattentionhasbeenpaidtotheeconomicandecologicalaspectsofsustainabledevelopment,especiallyatthenationallevel（Roe&

Khanya,2001;

Scheyvens,2002）,butlittlehasbeengiventotheanalysisoftheimplicationsofsustainabletourismonspecificlocalcommunitiesandontheindustry’simpactonthequalityoflifeandonsocio-ecologicalaspectsofcommunitiesthataredirectlyaffectedbythetourismindustry,particularlyindevelopingcountries

suchasKenya.Thispaperaddressesthoseissues.TourismdevelopmentinKenyaKenyaprovidesagoodexampleofadevelopingcountrythathasembracedtourismasatoolforsocio-economicdevelopment.KenyahasincreasinglybecomeapopulartouristdestinationforvisitorsfromEurope,NorthAmericaandemergingtourist-generatingregions,particularlySouth-eastAsia（Table1）.Thecountryreceivesover6%ofthetotalinternationaltouristarrivalstoAfrica,andtherelativeimportanceoftourisminKenya’seconomyhasrisensteadilyoverthelast40years（KenyaGovernment,2004）.However,tobeofanymeaningtomarginalisedlocalcommunitiesandindividuals,especiallyindevelopingcountriessuchasKenya,tourismdevelopmentshouldbepartofabroaderalternativepolicyframeworkthatisdesignedtoachieveasustainablesociety.Sustainabletourismdevelopmentshould,therefore,notbeseenasanendinitself,butasoneoftheseveralalternativedevelopmentstrategiesthatcanassistlocalcommunitiesovercometheirsocio-economicanddevelopmentalweaknesses,preservetheirstrengthsandenhancetheirdevelopmentalopportunities.Table1Departingvisitorsbycountryofresidenceandpurposeofvisit,2000–2001（‘000）

CountryofResidenceHolidayBusinessTransitTotal

20002001200020012000200120002001

Germany187.0179.74.44.224.719.0206.1202.9

UnitedKingdom119.9115.217.316.611.014.3148.2146.1

Switzerland19.919.12.62.53.44.425.926.0

Italy24.623.62.92.82.83.630.330.1

France18.918.22.72.63.14.024.724.8

Scandinavia16.115.52.22.12.73.521.021.1

OtherEurope147.6141.83.33.215.420.0166.5165.0

TotalEurope534.0513.135.434.053.168.8622.5615.9

USA44.743.05.14.94.35.654.053.4

Canada14.213.61.91.82.22.918.318.3

TotalNorthAmerica58.956.67.06.76.58.472.371.7

Uganda14.313.721.220.44.45.739.939.8

Tanzania25.224.25.75.511.715.242.644.9

OtherAfrica30.829.617.516.814.318.562.664.9

TotalAfrica70.367.644.442.730.439.4145.1149.6

India12.111.62.42.32.33.016.716.6

Japan10.4101.21.21.11.412.812.6

Israel5.95.70.80.80.40.57.27.0

OtherAsia12.712.23.33.23.03.929.219.3

TotalAsia41.139.57.77.46.88.855.655.7

Australiaand

NewZealand

13.913.41.71.61.82.317.317.3

Allothercountries5451.90.80.84.96.359.759.0

Total772.2742.097.093.2103.5134.1972.7969.3

MombasaistheleadingtouristcentreinEasternAfrica,withthehighestconcentrationoftourismandhospitalityfacilitiesandinfrastructure.MombasaandadjacenttownshipsreceiveoveronethirdofinternationaltouristarrivalstoKenya.However,Mombasainparticular,andtheKenyancoastalregioningeneral,isclassifiedbythegovernmentasoneoftheregionswithahighincidenceofpovertyandpoorlivingconditionsforlocalpeople（KenyaGovernment,2004）.Ithasbeenestimatedthatover50%oftheresidentsofMombasalivebelowthepovertyline,earninglessthanUS$1perday.IntheKenyancontext,thepovertylineisthelevelatwhichanindividual’sincomedoesnotmeet‘aminimumstandardrequiredtomeethisorherbasicneedssuchasfood,shelter,sanitationandcleanwatersupply’（KenyaGovernment,2004:

195）.OverhalfofMombasa’s500,000residentscannotaffordadecentmeal,donothaveaccesstocleanwaterorbasicsanitaryfacilitiesandcanneitheraffordbasichealthcarenorpayschoolfeesfortheirchildren.Oftenthepeoplelivingbelowthepovertylinehavenoregularemployment,theirincomeissmallandirregularandtheylackbasiccapitaltostartmicro-scalebusinessenterprisesintourismandothersectors.Quiteoften,thechildrenofpeoplelivingbelowthepovertylinedonotattendschoolandevenwhentheydo,thedropoutrateisquitehigh.Hence,mostofthechildrenrarelygobeyondelementaryschool.Theconsequencesofthisabjectpovertyandsocialdeprivationisreflectedinanincreasedincidenceofinsecurity,theft,drug-takingandtrafficking,prostitution,hungerandmalnutrition,highmortalityrate,highlevelsofilliteracy,anincreasedincidenceofchildlabour,domesticviolenceandfamilybreakups

（KenyaGovernment,1999a,1999b）.

Inthisregard,itshouldbeasked,iftourismisamaineconomicsectorinMombasaandothercentresinKenya,whatroleistheindustryplayingintheimprovementofthelivingconditionsofthelocalpeople?

Istourismanappropriatetoolforsustainablelocalsocio-economicdevelopment?

Thisstudyaddressessomeofthecriticalissuesonsustainabletourismdevelopment,particularlyasitrelatestoequitabledistributionofthetourismbenefitstodifferentstakeholders,localparticipationintourismdecisionmakingprocesses,theleakagerateandmultipliereffectsoftourismanditsmarketing.

MethodologyThisresearchusesacasestudyofMombasaandadjacenttownshipstoanalysetheroleplayedbytourismasanoptionforsustainablelocalcommunitydevelopment.ItexaminestouristmotivationsforvisitingMombasa,theirresponsestotheareaandsetsthisstudyagainstlocalresidents’viewsofthetouristindustry.

Thestudypopulationconsistedof:

（1）localpeoplelivinginMombasaandtheadjacentareaand

（2）touristsinthesamearea.Clustersamplingwasappliedtoselectthesamplingunits（i.e.Kisauni,LikoniandChangamwe）wheremostlocalpeoplereside.Conveniencesamplingtechniqueswereappliedtorecruitrespondentsfromeachsamplingunit.Datacollectionwasbyacombinationofquestionnaires,interviewsandfieldobservation.Questionnairesandfieldinterviewswereadministeredinlocationssuchashotelsandrestaurants,entertainmentcentres,attractionsitesandalongthestreetsandresidentialareas.Inaddition,scheduledinterviewsandstructureddialoguewasconductedwithselectedprivateandpublicsectorrepresentatives,localcommunityleadersandpoliticians.

Twotypesofquestionnaireswereadministered–oneforlocalpeopleandtheotherfortourists.Eachquestionnairewasdividedintothreesections.Thefirstsectioncoveredgeneralsociodemographicattributes,whilethesecondsectionaddressedoverallissuesontourismdevelopmentsuchasexistingtouristattractions,formsofinteractionsbetweenresidentsandtourists,andtheuseoflocaltourismresourcesandrecreationalfacilities.Thelastsectionofthequestionnaireprobedtheroleoftourismasatoolforlocalsocio-economicdevelopmentincluding

existingformsoftourismemployment,localdecisionmakingprocesses,ownershipandmanagementoftourismresources,formsoftourismmarketingandthedistributionoftourismrevenuesamongvariousstakeholders.

ThisstudywasundertakenfromJunetoJuly2002.Twohundredandtwentyseveninternationaltouristsandasimilarnumberoflocalresidentswereinterviewed.Thedatacollectedwasorganised,tabulatedandanalysedusingcomputerstatisticalpackages.

ResearchFindingsInternationaltouristsAsummaryoffindingsisgiveninTable2.Eightypercentoftheinternationaltouristsweretravellingunderaninclusivetourpackage.Asisusually

thecharacteristicofall-inclusivetourpackagetravelarrangements,mostinternationaltourists（87%）statedthattheywerestayinginhigh-classresorthotelsandcondominiums（i.e.3-to5-starhotels）foraperiodof7–21days.MostofthesegrandtourismandhospitalityestablishmentsareundertheownershipandmanagementofmultinationalandforeigninvestorsincludingHayesandJavuis,LonhroCorporation,UnitedTourcompanies,Kuoni,AfricaClub,UniversalSafariTours,Pollmans,FrancoRussoandGrandViaggi.

Asignificant53%