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A.Togiveexamplesofpeoplewhoholdpositionsofrespects.
B.Toexplainwhysocialrolesareimportanttoasociety.
C.Toillustratethebehaviorrequiredofcertainsocialroles.
D.Tocomparetheresponsibilitiesoftwodifferentoccupations.
2.Whydoestheauthorusethetermkeyindicatorsindiscussinginformalsocialroles?
A.Toidentifythemostimportanttypeofsocialroles.
B.Toexplainhowtoidentifyinformalsocialroles
C.Topointoutthatinformalrolesareuniquetofamilies
D.Toemphasizethevalueofinformalrolestoagroup
答案:
1.C
2.D
Themanypartoftheearth’satmospherearelinkedwiththevariouspartsoftheearth’ssurfacetoproduceawhole---theclimatesystem.Differentpartsoftheearth’ssurfacereacttotheenergyofthesunindifferentways.Forexample,iceandsnowreflectmuchofit.Landsurfacesabsorbsolarenergyandheatuprapidly.Oceansstoretheenergywithoutexperiencingasignificanttemperaturerise.Thus,thedifferenttypesofsurfacestransferheatintotheatmosphereatdifferentrates.
Wecanviewclimateasexistinginthreedomains:
space,time,andhumanperception.Inthedomainofspace,wecanstudylocal,regional,andglobalclimates.Intime,wecanlookattheclimateforayear,adecade,amillennium,andsoforth.Finally,wedependonourperceptionsofthedata,sowemustincludeourownhumanperceptionintoourmodel.Humanperceptionmustbeincludedifourunderstandingofclimaticprocessesistobetranslatedintosocietalactions.Asasociety,wemakeinformedchoicesabouthowtousethebeneficialeffectsofclimate,suchasdecidingwhenandwheretoplantcrops.Wealsomakechoicesabouthowtominimizetheharmfuleffectsofclimate---storms,blizzards,anddroughts.
1.Whydoestheauthordiscussdifferentpartsoftheearth’ssurfaceinparagraph1?
A.Toexplainwhyhumansliveinsomepartsbutnotinothers
B.Toshowthattheentireearthismadeofthesamematerials
C.Tocomparehowvarioussurfacestransferheatintotheatmosphere
D.Todescribechangesintheearth’sappearancethroughouttheyear.
2.Accordingtotheauthor,whymustweincludehumanperceptioninourstudyofclimate?
A.Wemustinterpretdataandtakeactionsrelatedtoclimate
B.Wemustcreateaninterestingmodeloftheclimatesystem
C.Wemustdevelopanunderstandingofourenvironment
D.Wemustchangeourtraditionalwaysofstudyingclimate.
(思考)3.Readthesentencebelowandwriteanessaywhichwillhaveaminimumof100words.
Ourunderstandingofclimaticprocessesistobetranslatedintosocietalactions.
答案:
1.C 2.A
Severalmenhavebeenresponsibleforpromotingforestryasaprofession.ForemostwasGiffordPinchot,thefatheroftheprofessionalforestryinAmerica.HewaschiefoftheForestServicefrom1898until1910,workingwithPresidentTheodoreRoosevelttoinstigatesoundconservationpracticesinforests.LaterhewasprofessorofforestryandfounderofthePinchotSchoolofForestryatYaleUniversity.AnothergreatforesterwasDr.BernardE.Fernow,thefirstheadoftheU.S.ForestService.HeorganizedthefirstAmericanschoolofprofessionalforestryatCornellUniversity.
Theforestersoftoday,likePinchotandFernowinthepast,planandsupervisethegrowth,protection,andutilizationoftrees.Theymakemapsofforestareas,estimatetheamountofstandingtimberandfuturegrowth,andmanagetimbersales.Theyalsoprotectthetreesfromfire,harmfulinsects,anddisease.Someforestersmayberesponsibleforotherduties,rangingfromwildlifeprotectionandwatershedmanagementtothedevelopmentandsupervisionofcamps,parks,andgrazinglands.Othersdoresearch,provideinformationtoforestownersandtothegeneralpublic,andteachincollegesanduniversities.
1.WhydoestheauthorcomparePinchotandFernowtotheforestersoftoday?
A.Todescribedifferentphilosophiesofforestrymanagement
B.Toshowhowthefieldofforestryhaschangedin100years
C.Toarguefortheexpansionofuniversityforestryprograms
D.Tointroducethetypeofworkdonebyprofessionalforesters
2.AllofthefollowingarementionedinthepassageEXCEPT
A.whatforestersdobesidesprotectingtrees
B.howtoselectagoodschoolofforestry
C.peoplewhopromotedforestryasacareer
D.managementoftimberandtimbersales
3.Thinkabouthowprofessorscancontributetheirwisdomtothepublicaffairs.Writedownyourcontemplationsinaessaywhichhaveaminimumof100words.
答案:
1.D2.B
One’sstyleofthedressrevealsthehumanobsessionwithbothnoveltyandtradition.Peopleuseclothingtodeclaretheirmembershipinaparticularsocialgroup;
however,therulesforwhatisacceptabledressforthatgroupmaychange.Inaffluentsocieties,thischangingoftherulesisthedrivingforcebehindfashions.Bykeepingupwithfashions,thatis,bychangingtheirclothingstylefrequentlybutsimultaneously,membersofagroupbothsatisfytheirdesirefornoveltyandobeytherules,thusdemonstratingtheirmembershipinthegroup.
Therearesomeinterestingvariationsregardingindividualstatus.Somepeople,particularlyintheWest,considerthemselvesofsuchhighstatusthattheydonotneedtodisplayitwiththeirclothing.Forexample,manywealthypeopleintheentertainmentindustryappearinverycasualclothes,suchasthewornjeansandworkbootsofamanuallaborer.However,itislikelythatasubtlebutimportantsignal,suchasanexpensivewristwatch,willprevailoverthemessageofthecasualdress.Suchaninvertedstatusdisplayismostlikelytooccurwheretheperson’shighstatusisconveyedinwaysotherthanwithclothing,suchashavingafamousface.
1.Accordingtotheauthor,fashionsserveallthefollowingpurposesEXCEPT
A.satisfyinganinterestinnovelty
B.signalingachangeinpersonalbeliefs
C.displayingmembershipinasocialgroup
D.followingtraditionalrules
2.Whydoestheauthordiscussindividualstatusinparagraph2?
A.TostatethatindividualsstatusisnotimportantintheWest
B.Toarguethatindividualsneednotobeyeveryfashionrule
C.Tocontrastthestatusofentertainerswiththatofmanuallaborers
D.Toexplainhowhighstatusmayinvolveaninvertedstatusdisplay
3.withtheboomingeconomyandrisingstatus,Chinesepeoplearebeginningtoremembertheclothingbelongingtoourownnationwhichiscalled“hanfu”(汉服),andsomeyouthhaveworntheminsometraditionalfestivals.Pleasewriteanessaytoexpressyourownthinking.
1.B2.D
ThewarforindependencefromBritainwasalongandeconomicallycostlyconflict.TheNewEnglandfishingindustrywastemporarilydestroyed,andthetobaccocoloniesintheSouthwerealsohardhit.Thetradeinimportswasseverelyaffected,sincethewarwasfoughtagainstthecountrythathadpreviouslymonopolizedthecolonies’supplyofmanufacturedgoods.Themostseriousconsequenceswerefeltinthecities,whoseexistencedependedoncommercialactivity.Boston,NewYork,Philadelphia,andCharlestonwerealloccupiedforatimebyBritishtroops.Evenwhenthetroopshadleft,Britishshipslurkedintheharborsandcontinuedtodisrupttrade.
Americanincomefromshipbuildingandcommercedeclinedabruptly,underminingtheentireeconomyoftheurbanareas.ThedeclineintradebroughtafallintheAmericanstandardofliving.Unemployedshipwrights,docklaborers,andcoopersdriftedofftofindworkonfarmsandinsmallvillages.SomeofthemjoinedtheContinentalarmy,oriftheywereloyaltoBritain,theydepartedwiththeBritishforces.ThepopulationoftheNewYorkCitydeclinedfrom21,000in1774tolessthanhalfthatnumberonlynineyearslaterin1783.
Thedisruptionsproducedbythefightingofthewar,bythelossofestablishedmarketsformanufacturedgoods,bythelossofsourcesofcredit,andbythelackofnewinvestmentallcreatedaperiodofeconomicstagnationthatlastedforthenexttwentyyears.
1.Whydoestheauthormentionthefishingindustryandthetobacoocolonies?
A.toshowhowthewarforindependenceaffectedtheeconomy
B.tocomparetheeconomicpoweroftwodifferentregions
C.toidentifythetwolargestcommercialenterprisesinAmerica
D.togiveexamplesofindustriescontrolledbyBritishforces
2.WhydoestheauthormentionthepopulationofNewYorkCityinparagraph2?
A.toshowthathalfofNewYorkremainedloyaltoBritain
B.tocompareNewYorkwithothercitiesoccupiedduringthewar
C.toemphasizethegreatshort-termcostofthewarforNewY