东南亚产业发展的绿色化产业转型和环境监管的角度外文文献翻译最新译文Word文档格式.docx

东南亚产业发展的绿色化产业转型和环境监管的角度外文文献翻译最新译文Word文档格式.docx

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Introduction[J].Environment,DevelopmentandSustainability,2006,8

（2）:

217-227.

原文

TheGreeningofIndustryandDevelopmentinSoutheastAsia:

Peter,Somporn,Rasiah

Introduction

Untilsome20yearsago,mostSoutheastAsiancountrieswereprimarilyagriculturaleconomies,inwhichindustrialproductionplayedalimitedrole.However,astheirindustrialproductionhasincreasedrapidlyoverthelastdecades,ThailandandMalaysiahavebecomeknownasnewlyindustrializingcountries.Vietnamisalsowellonitswaytofollowitsneighboringcountriesandisoftenlabeledasbelongingtothesecondgenerationtigereconomies.Inthesecountries,industrialgrowthhasbeenmuchhigherthaneconomicgrowthinagricultureoverthepast15yearsandtheshareofindustrialproductionintheirGNPisrapidlyincreasing（beitnotnecessarilywiththesamerateinall（partsof）ofthesecountries）.IndustrialactivitiesingeneralhavehoweverneverbeenwithoutenvironmentalproblemsandthereforeitisnotsurprisingthattheacceleratedindustrializationinSoutheastAsia,entailingadramatictransformationoftheindustrialsector,includedsomeseriousenvironmentalproblems（JEC,2003）.TheseenvironmentalchallengestotheindustrialperformanceinSoutheastAsiawillprobablygrowinthefutureastheregionisatthesametimeunderpressuretosustainitseconomicprogressandalsotoreducethestillremainingpoverty.

Industrialenvironmentalproblemscanberelatedtoenergyuse,resourceuse,waterandairpollution,wastegeneration,environmentalrisks,biodiversity,transport,andsoforth.Theseverityoftheseenvironmentalconsequencesmayvary,dependingonthetechnologiesusedintheindustrialproductionprocesses,theorganizationandmanagementoftheproduction,thecoordinationofthevariousstepsintheproduction–consumptionchain（intermsofinformationflows,substanceflows,managementpreferences,etc.）,theregulatoryregimesatvariouslevels（fromlocaltosupra-national）,andthereactionsfromcitizensandconsumerstowardsproductsandproduction.Theseenvironmentalproblemsoccurwithinthecontextofarapidlychangingworldwheretechnologicalinnovations,neworganizationalandmanagementapproaches,globalizingproduction–consumptionchains,increasingcommunicationandinformationexchangepossibilities,andchangingpowerbalances.Theseeconomic,politicalandtechnologicaltransitionsprovidenewchallengesbutalsonewopportunitiesfortheenvironmentalperformanceinthesecountries.TheexportorientedcharacterofmostAsianindustriesforcesthem,forexample,toincludetheglobalenvironmentalrequirementsfortheindustrialchainsandtheirproducts,apressurewhichmaybeexpectedtobecomemoreintenseinthecomingyears.

ThisspecialissueofEnvironment,DevelopmentandSustainability,presentsseveralarticlesthatanalyzethechallengesandopportunitiesforgoverningthetransformationofindustrialactivitiesinSoutheastAsiatowardsmoresustainablepractices.Thefollowingsectionpresentssomeofthemoregeneraltrendsinfluencingtheenvironmentalperformanceofindustries,particularlyinThailandandVietnam,followedbyareviewofrecentconceptualinnovationsonthegreeningofindustry.Thisintroductionconcludeswithabriefdescriptionofthearticlesinthisissue.

ConceptualchallengesfacingthegreeningofindustriesinSoutheastAsia

TheseriousenvironmentalproblemsresultingfromtheindustrialdevelopmentinSoutheastAsiasignifycomplexchallengesforattemptstocontributetothegreeningofindustriesinthisregion.Thesechallengesincludetheidentificationofappropriatetechnologicaloptionsincombinationwitheconomic,socialandpoliticalaspects.

TheAsianDevelopmentBank（2001）concludedthattherootcauseofthepoorstateoftheenvironmentAsiawasprincipallyafailureofpolicyandofinstitutions.Anewapproachis,therefore,requiredwithregardtothedesignandimplementationofenvironmentalpolicywithintheregion.

Traditionally,centralnationalgovernmentorganizationshavebeenthecornerstoneofgovernanceinSoutheastAsia.Untilrecently,ithasbeenthepracticetodependuponastand-aloneenvironmentalagencyastheinstitutionresponsibleforenvironmentalprotection.Since1980,suchagencieshavebeenestablishedinmostcountriesbuttheygenerallyremainsmall,disposeoflimitedinstitutionalcapabilitiesandlackthenecessarypoliticalclout（WorldBank,2000a）.Atthesametime,devolutionofresponsibilitiesregardingtheenvironmentfromcentraltoregionalandlocallevelgovernmentinstitutionswasunderminedduetoinadequatecoordinationinthepreparatoryprocessandinefficienttransformingmechanisms.Itwasonlyrecentlythattheimportanceofmoreinclusivearrangementsinvolvingprivatefirmsandcivilsocietyorganizationsisrealizedandthesecountriesbegintoadoptmarketbasedmechanisms.

Forexample,theregionalgovernmentinstitutionssuchastheAssociationofSoutheastAsianNations（ASEAN）acknowledgetheneedforachievingsustainabledevelopmentinanincreasinglyglobalizingworldandtodaysupporttheuseofenvironmentalmanagementsystemsandcertificationschemessuchasISO14001hasbecomecommonpractice.Ingeneral,governmentauthoritiesandsocialorganizationsincreasinglyrealizethateffectiveenvironmentalgovernancedependsontransparency,accountability,andtheavailabilityofhigh-qualityinformationconcerningeconomicprocessesandrelatedenvironmentaleffects.Therefore,environmentalconcernsmustbeintegratedacrosssectorsandmainstreamedintoeconomicpolicyandpractice.Environmentalprotectionmustbeconsideredanssentialfactorinthebasicdecisionmakingprocessoffirms,householdsandpolicymakers（ADB,2001;

Mol,1995,2001）.

Untilveryrecently,therateofimprovementinenergyandmaterialsefficiency,andpollutionpreventionthroughtheadoptionofgreenenvironmentaltechnologieshasbeenslowrelativetotherateofeconomicgrowthinmanySoutheastAsiancountries.Inthepast,industrieswereonlykeenonadoptingspecificenvironmentaltechnologiesorproductsonapiecemealbasistomeetspecificregulatoryrequirements.However,thisdoesnotreapthepotentialbenefitsofmanagingenvironmentalproblemsinanintegratedmanneroverthelongerterm.Thetheoryofecologicalmodernization（Huber,1982;

Mol,1995;

Spaargaren,1997）stressesthenecessityofincludingenvironmentalconsiderationsinoveralldecision-makingandmanagementpracticeswithinfirms.Combiningenvironmentalandeconomicconsiderationsinmanagementdecision-makinginaconsistentmannercancontributetosubstantialimprovementsintheenvironmentalaswellastheeconomicperformanceofindustrialenterprises.Environmentalinvestmentsshouldbelookedataspartofacomprehensiveprogramoflongertermenvironmentalmanagementthatalsocontributestothefinancialviabilityofthebusiness（Letchumanan,2004）.ItisthereforevitalthatstrategiesforgreeningindustriesinAsiagobeyondtheselectionofoptimaltechnologicaloptionforaparticularindustryorsectorandsupporteffectiveenvironmentalpollutionabatementthroughin-depthunderstandingoftheirsocialandinstitutionalcontexts（Frijnsetal.,1997）.Thetooloftriadnetworkanalysis（Mol,1995）,mappingtherelevanteconomic,politicalandenvironmentalactors,mayprovideusefulinformationforenvironmentalpolicy-makingbyvisualizingthepowerrelationshipssurroundingprivatefirms.Successfulenvironmentalchangeinindustriesdependsontechnological,managerial,economic,politicalandsocietalconsiderations.Forexample,basedonalargenumberofcasestudiesonindustrialtransformationinEurope,Binderetal.（2001）concludethatthemostimportantconditionsforthegreeningofindustriesseemtobe:

•theendofaninvestmentcycleintheaffectedsector,

•satisfactorytechnologicalalternatives,

•aninnovatorinthebranchtopromotethediffusionofalternativetechnologies,

•clearenvironmentaltargets,

•ahighdegreeofpoliticalintegrationbetweendifferentgovernmentactors,and

•theavailabilityoffundingforcompensationtolessenthesocialandregionaldisruptioncausedbychange.

Thisexampleclearlyunderlinestheimportanceofnon-technologicalconsiderationsinthesuccessfultransitiontowardsgreeningindustries.Theauthorsfurthermoreunderlinethatalthoughindustriesplayakeyroleinchangingtheirenvironmentalperformance,agreenindustrialpolicyremainsindispensable.

Applyingtheconceptsdevelopedwithintheecologicalmodernizationapproachandcombininginsightsintechnologicaloptionswithgoodcomprehensionoftherelevantsocialandpoliticaldynamics,applyingthetriad-networkapproach,provideinterestingdirectionsforthegreeningofindustriesinSoutheastAsia.Scientificresearchshouldthereforeperformin-depthcasestudiesonindustrialtransformationsinspecificsectors,onthesuccesses,failuresandchallengesofenvironmentalpolicybynationalstates,payingattentiontochangingstate-societyrelations,andonthecontributionsfromdifferentAsiangovernmentstointernationalenvironmentalregimesandviceversa.Thearticlesinthisissueprovidefurtherinsightsintothesechallenges.

译文

东南亚产业发展的“绿色化”：

产业转型和环境监管的角度

彼得；

萨姆恩；

拉贾

引言

　　直到大约20年前，大多数的东南亚国家主要是农业经济，产业方面的发展受到很大的限制。

然而，当他们的产业在过去的几十年里得到迅速增长后，泰国和马来西亚已成为新兴的产业经济体国家。

越南也顺利地跟上了周边国家的步伐，经常被贴上第二代强力经济体的标签。

在这些国家，产业发展迅速