托福阅读推理题的对比取反情况Word格式.docx
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1.Paragraph:
Twootherdevelopmentspresagedtheendoftheeraofturnpikesandstartedatransportationrevolutionthatresultedinincreasedregionalspecializationandthegrowthofanationalmarketeconomy.Firstcamethesteamboat;
althoughflatboatsandkeelboatscontinuedtobeimportantuntilthe1850s,steamboatseventuallysupersededallothercraftinthecarryingofpassengersandfreight.Steamboatswerenotonlyfasterbutalsotransportedupriverfreightforaboutonetenthofwhatithadpreviouslycostonhand-propelledkeelboats.
1.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromtheparagraphaboutflatboatsandkeelboats?
A.Theyceasedtobeusedassoonasthefirstturnpikeswerebuilt.
B.Theywereslowerandmoreexpensivetooperatethansteamboats.
C.Theywereusedforlong-distancebutnotforregionaltransportation.
D.TheywereusedprimarilyontheErieCanal.
根据题干信息flatboatsandkeelboats对应到原文句子Steamboatswerenotonlyfasterbutalsotransportedupriverfreightforaboutonetenthofwhatithadpreviouslycostonhand-propelledkeelboats.从句子里steamboat以及keelboats之间的faster以及onetenthof很容易得出B选项。
解出答案之后,希望大家思考,这样一道推理题透露了出题人设置题目时的逻辑思维,那就是信息的对比,而且有对比的时候,答案往往会取反面。
2.Paragraph:
Asymbioticrelationshipisaninteractionbetweentwoormorespeciesinwhichonespecieslivesinoronanotherspecies.Therearethreemaintypesofsymbioticrelationships:
parasitism,commensalism,andmutualism.Thefirstandthethirdcanbekeyfactorsinthestructureofabiologicalcommunity–thatis,allthepopulationsoforganismslivingtogetherandpotentiallyinteractinginaparticulararea.
1.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutcommensalismcanbeinferredfromtheparagraph?
A.Itexcludesinteractionsbetweenmorethantwospecies.
B.Itmakesitlesslikelyforspecieswithinacommunitytosurvive.
C.Itssignificancetotheorganizationofbiologicalcommunitiesissmall.
D.Itsroleinthestructureofbiologicalpopulationsisadisruptiveone.
根据题干信息commensalism对应到原文句子Therearethreemaintypesofsymbioticrelationships:
parasitism,commensalism,andmutualism.该句得不出答案,接着看到Thefirstandthethirdcanbekeyfactorsinthestructureofabiologicalcommunity;
该句告诉我们firstandthird指代上句中的parasitism和mutualism,而题干中被问及的commensalism(共栖)恰是三者之中剩余的部分,根据例一中出题人对于对比取反的逻辑设置,显然该题同样取反,既然文中给出一三重要,那么强烈暗示的就是处于第二的commensalism不重要,所以选C。
3.Paragraph:
Isotopicanalysisofshellsallowedgeologiststomeasureanotherglacialeffect.Theycouldtracethegrowthandshrinkageofcontinentalglaciers,eveninpartsoftheoceanwheretheremayhavebeennogreatchangeintemperature–aroundtheequator,forexample.Theoxygenisotoperatiooftheoceanchangesasagreatdealofwateriswithdrawnfromitbyevaporationandisprecipitatedassnowtoformglacialice.Duringglaciations,thelighteroxygen-16hasagreatertendencytoevaporatefromtheoceansurfacethantheheavieroxygen-18does.Thus,moreoftheheavyisotopeisleftbehindintheoceanandabsorbedbymarineorganisms.Fromthisanalysisofmarinesediments,geologistshavelearnedthatthereweremanyshorter,moreregularcyclesofglaciationandde-glaciationthangeologistshadrecognizedfromtheglacialdriftofthecontinentsalone.
1.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph5thatforaminiferafossilshellscontainingcalcitewithhighpercentagesofoxygen-16weredepositedattimeswhen…
A.polariceextendedasfarasequatorialregionsoflandandsea.
B.extensiveglaciationwasnotoccurring.
C.therewerenogreatincreasesinoceantemperature.
D.therewasheavysnowfalloncontinentalglaciers.
同样根据题干信息oxygen-16对应到原文Duringglaciations,thelighteroxygen-16hasagreatertendencytoevaporatefromtheoceansurfacethantheheavieroxygen-18does.句中给出duringglaciations的时候oxygen-16会蒸发离开,题干问什么时候oxygen-16weredeposited,同样还是对比取反,即notduringglaciations,对应选项B。
4.Paragraph2:
TheareascoveredbythismaterialweresovastthattheicethatdepositeditmusthavebeenacontinentalglacierlargerthanGreenlandorAntarctica.Eventually,Agassizandothersconvincedgeologistsandthegeneralpublicthatagreatcontinentalglaciationhadextendedthepolaricecapsfarintoregionsthatnowenjoytemperateclimates.Forthefirsttime,peoplebegantotalkabouticeages.Itwasalsoapparentthattheglaciationoccurredintherelativelyrecentpastbecausethedriftwassoft,likefreshlydepositedsediment.Wenowknowtheageoftheglaciationaccuratelyfromradiometricdatingofthecarbon-14inlogsburiedinthedrift.Thedriftofthelastglaciationwasdepositedduringoneofthemostrecentepochsofgeologictime,thePleistocene,whichlastedfrom1.8millionto10,000yearsago.AlongtheeastcoastoftheUnitedStates,thesouthernmostadvanceofthisiceisrecordedbytheenormoussandanddriftdepositsoftheterminalmorainesthatformLongIslandandCapeCod.
1.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph2thatAgassizandothergeologistsofhistimewerenotabletodetermine…
A.whichgeographicregionshadbeencoveredwithicesheetsinthelasticeage.
B.theexactdatesatwhichdriftshadbeendepositedduringthelasticeage.
C.theexactcompositionofthedriftslaidduringthelasticeage.
D.howfarsouthalongtheeastcoastoftheUnitedStatestheicehadadvancedduringthelasticeage.
通过以上的例子,相信大家已经熟悉了推理题中对比取反的逻辑思维。
那么最后这一道题,是否能够应用讲解的规律顺利得出正确答案呢?
首先读题干,很多考生会选择Agassizandothergeologists这一信息去对应原文,结果发现无法根据文中对应信息得出正确答案。
此时要牢记对比取反的逻辑思维,重新审题发现了ofhistime这一时间短语与文中的Wenowknowtheageoftheglaciationaccuratelyfromradiometricdatingofthecarbon-14inlogsburiedinthedrift.一句里的now构成对比关系。
所以根据对比取反的逻辑,既然我们现在才精确知道冰川形成的时间,那么在当时是不知道的,顺利选出B选项。
托福阅读长难句:
嗅觉交流
Theimportanceofolfactorycommunication(usingodorstocommunicate)inthewayoflifeofdeerwasdocumentedbyastudyofcaptiveadultmaledeerafewdecadesago,whichnotedthatmalesrubbedtheirforeheadsonbranchesandtwigs,especiallyasautumnapproached.(TPO28,45)
olfactory/?
lf?
kt(?
)r?
/adj.嗅觉的
document/d?
kj?
m(?
)nt/vt.用文件证实或证明(某事)
captive/k?
pt?
v/adj.被捕获的,被俘虏的
twig/tw?
g/n.嫩枝
approach/?
pr?
?
t?
/vt.接近,靠近
Theimportance(ofolfactorycommunication)(usingodorstocommunicate)(inthewayoflifeofdeer)wasdocumented(byastudyofcaptiveadultmaledeerafewdecadesago),(whichnoted)(thatmalesrubbedtheirforeheadsonbranchesandtwigs),(especiallyasautumnapproached).(TPO28,45)
分析:
这个句子的主干就是:
Theimportancewasdocumented