研究生英语综合教程下册原文Word格式.docx

研究生英语综合教程下册原文Word格式.docx

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mabetterpersonforit."

2Welovetohearthestoriesofpeoplewhohavebeentransformedbytheirtribulations,perhapsbecausetheytestifytoabonafidetypeofpsychologicaltruth,onethatsometimesgetslostamidendlessreportsofdisaster:

Thereseemstobeabuilt-inhumancapacitytoflourishunderthemostdifficultcircumstances.Positiveresponsestoprofoundlydisturbingexperiencesarenotlimitedtothetoughestorthebravest.Infact,roughlyhalfthepeoplewhostrugglewithadversitysaythattheirlivessubsequentlyinsomewaysimproved.

3Thisandotherpromisingfindingsaboutthelife-changingeffectsofcrisesaretheprovinceofthenewscienceofpost-traumaticgrowth.Thisfledglingfieldhasalreadyprovedthetruthofwhatoncepassedasbromide:

Whatdoesn'

tkillyoucanactuallymakeyoustronger.Post-traumaticstressisfarfromtheonlypossibleoutcome.Inthewakeofeventhemostterrifyingexperiences,onlyasmallproportionofadultsbecomechronicallytroubled.Morecommonly,peoplerebound-oreveneventuallythrive.

4Thosewhoweatheradversitywellarelivingproofoftheparadoxesofhappiness.Weneedmorethanpleasuretolivethebestpossiblelife.Ourcontemporaryquestforhappinesshasshriveledtoahuntforbliss-alifeprotectedfrombadfeelings,freefrompainandconfusion.

5Thisanodynedefinitionofwell-beingleavesoutthebetterhalfofthestory,therich,fulljoythatcomesfromameaningfullife.Itisthedarkmatterofhappiness,theineffablequalityweadmireinwisemenandwomenandaspiretocultivateinourownlives.Itturnsoutthatsomeofthepeoplewhohavesufferedthemost,whohavebeenforcedtocontendwithshockstheyneveranticipatedandtorethinkthemeaningoftheirlives,mayhavethemosttotellusaboutthatprofoundandintenselyfulfillingjourneythatphilosophersusedtocallthesearchfor"

thegoodlife"

.

6Thisbroaderdefinitionofgoodlivingblendsdeepsatisfactionandaprofoundconnectiontoothersthroughempathy.Itisdominatedbyhappyfeelingsbutseasonedalsowithnostalgiaandregret."

Happinessisonlyoneamongmanyvaluesinhumanlife,"

contendsLauraKing,apsychologistattheUniversityofMissouriinColumbia.Compassion,wisdom,altruism,insight,creativity-sometimesonlythetrialsofadversitycanfosterthesequalities,becausesometimesonlydrasticsituationscanforceustotakeonthepainfulprocessofchange.Toliveafullhumanlife,atranquil,carefreeexistenceisnotenough.Wealsoneedtogrow-andsometimesgrowinghurts.

7InadarkroominQueens,NewYork,31-year-oldfashiondesignerTracyCyrbelievedshewasdying.Afewmonthsbefore,shehadstoppedtakingthepowerfulimmune-suppressingdrugsthatkeptherarthritisincheck.Sheneveranticipatedwhatwouldhappen:

awithdrawalreactionsthateventuallyleftherintotalbodyagonyandneurologicalmeltdown.Theslightestmovement-tryingtoswallow,fqrexample-wasexcruciating.Eventhepressureofhercheekonthepillowwasalmostunbearable.

8Cyrisnowimp-diagnosedwithjuvenilerheumatoidarthritisattheageoftwo,shehadenduredthesymptomsandthetreatments（drugs,surgery）herwholelife.Butthistime,shewasway6pastherlimits,andnothingherdoctorsdidseemedtohelp.Eitherthediseasewasgoingtokillheror,prettysoon,shefeltshemighthavetokillherself.

9Ashersleeplessnightsworeon,though,hersuicidalthoughtsbegantobeinterruptedbynewfeelingsofgratitude.Shewasstillinagony,butanewconsciousnessgrewstrongereachnight:

anawesomesenseofliberation,combinedwithanall-encompassingfeelingofsympathyandcompassion."

IfeltstrippedofeverythingI'

deveridentifiedmyselfwith,"

shesaidsixmonthslater."

EverythingIthoughtI'

dknownorbelievedinwasuseless-time,money,self-image,perception.Recognizingthatwassofreeing."

10Withinafewmonths,shebegantobeabletomovemorefreely,thankstoacocktailofsteroidsandotherdrugs.Shesaysnowthere'

snoquestionthatherlifeisbetter."

lfeltIhadbeenshownthesecretoflifeandwhywe'

rehere:

tobehappyandtonurtureotherlife.It'

sthatsimple."

11Hermind-blowingexperiencecameasatotalsurprise.Butthatfeelingoftransformationisinsomewaystypical,saysRichTedeschi,aprofessorofpsychologyattheUniversityofNorthCarolinainCharlottewhocoinedtheterm"

post-traumaticgrowth"

.Hisstudiesofpeoplewhohaveenduredextremeevents,likecombat,violentcrimeorsuddenseriousillnessshowthatmostfeeldazedandanxiousintheimmediateaftermath;

theyarepreoccupiedwiththeideathattheirliveshavebeenshattered.Afewarehauntedlongafterwardbymemoryproblems,sleeptroubleandsimilarsymptomsofpost-traumaticstressdisorder7.ButTedeschiandothershavefoundthatformanypeople-perhapseventhemajority-lifeultimatelybecomesricherandmoreGratifying.

12Somethingsimilarhappenstomanypeoplewhoexperienceaterrifyingphysicalthreat.Inthatmoment,oursenseofinvulnerabilityispierced,andtheself-protectivementalarmorthatnormallystandsbetweenusandourperceptionsoftheworldistornaway.Oureverydaylifescripts-ourhabits,self-perceptionsandassumptions-gooutthewindow,andweareleftwitharawexperienceoftheworld.

13Still,actuallyimplementingthesechanges,aswellasfullycomingtotermswithanewreality,usuallytakesconsciouseffort.Beingwillingandabletotakeonthisprocessisoneofthemajordifferencesbetweenthosewhogrowthroughadversityandthosewhoaredestroyedbyit.Thepeoplewhofindvalueinadversityaren'

tthetoughestorthemostrational.Whatmakesthemdifferentisthattheyareabletoincorporatewhathappenedintothestoryoftheirownlife.

14Eventually,theymayfindthemselvesfreedinwaystheyneverimagined.Survivorssaytheyhavebecomemoretolerantandforgivingofothers,capableofbringingpeacetoformerlytroubledrelationships.Theysaythatmaterialambitionssuddenlyseemsillyandthepleasuresoffriendsandfamilyparamount-andthatthecrisisallowedthemtorecognizelifeinlinewiththeirnewpriorities.

15Peoplewhohavegrownfromadversityoftenfeelmuchlessfear,despitethefrighteningthingsthey'

vebeenthrough.Theyaresurprisedbytheirownstrength,confidentthattheycanhandlewhateverelselifethrowsatthem."

Peopledon'

tsaythatwhattheywentthroughwaswonderful,"

saysTedeschi."

Theyweren'

tmeaningtogrowfromit.Theywerejusttryingtosurvive.Butinretrospect,whattheygainedwasmorethantheyeveranticipated."

16InhisrecentbookSatisfaction,EmoryUniversitypsychiatristGregoryBernspointstoextremeenduranceathleteswhopushthemselvestotheirphysicallimitsfordaysatatime.Theycyclethroughthesamesequenceofsensationsasdotraumasurvivors:

self-loss,confusionand,finally,anewsenseofmastery.Forultramarathoners,whoregularlyrun100-mileracesthatlastmorethan24hours,vomitingandhallucinatingarenormal.Afteradayandnightofrunningwithoutstoppingorsleeping,competitorssometimesforgetwhotheyareandwhattheyaredoing.

17Foramorecommonexampleofgrowththroughadversity,looktooneoflife'

sbiggestchallenges:

parenting.Havingababyhasbeenshowntodecreaselevelsofhappiness.Thesleepdeprivationandthenecessityofputtingasidepersonalpleasureinordertocareforaninfantmeanthatpeoplewithnewbornsaremorelikelytobedepressedandfindtheirmarriageontherocks.Nonetheless,overthelonghaul,raisingachildisoneofthemostrewardingandmeaningfulofallhumanundertakings.Theshort-termsacrificeofhappinessisoutweighedbyotherbenefits,likefulfillment,altruismandthechancetoleaveameaningfulLegacy.

18Ultimately,theemotionalrewardcancompensateforthepainanddifficultyofadversity.Thisperspectivedoesnotcanceloutwhathappened,butitputsitallinadifferentcontext:

thatit'

spossibletoliveanextraordinaryrewardinglifeevenwithintheconstraintsandstrugglesweface.Insomeformorother,saysKing,weallmustgothroughthisrealization."

You'

renotgoingtobethepersonyouthoughtyouwere,buthere'

swhoyouaregoingtobeinstead-andthatturnsouttobeaprettygreatlife."

Unit2CommercializationandChangesinSports

1.Throughouthistorysportshavebeenusedasformsofpublicentertainment.However,sportshaveneverbeensoheavilypackaged,promoted,presentedandplayedascommercialproductsastheyaretoday.Neverbeforehavedecisionsaboutsportsandthesocialrelationshipsconnectedwithsportsbeensoclearlyinfluencedbyeconomicfactors.Thebottomlinehasreplacedthegoallineformanypeople,andsportsnolongerexistsimplyfortheinterestsoftheathletesthemselves.Funand"

goodgames"

arenowdefinedintermsofgatereceipts,concessionsrevenues,thesaleofmediarights,marketshares,ratingpoints,andadvertisingpotential.Then,whathappenstosportswhentheybecomecommercialized?

Dotheychangewhentheybecomedependentongatereceiptsandthesaleofmediarights?

3.Commercializationhasnothadadramaticeffectontheformatandgoalsofmostsports.Inspiteoftheinfluenceofspectators,whathasoccurredhistoricallyisthatsportshavemaintainedtheirbasicformat.Innovationshavebeenmade