临界的比较法Word格式.docx

临界的比较法Word格式.docx

《临界的比较法Word格式.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《临界的比较法Word格式.docx（146页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

Legalhistory

1.2.3Comparativelaw:

Culture

1.2.4Comparativelaw:

Economics

1.2.5Criticalcomparativelaw:

Adifferentnameoradifferentapproach?

1.3Thelink:

Reciprocalinfluences

2.Convergenceversusdivergence:

Mustitbeeither-or?

2.1Thetwoapproaches:

Aretheymutuallyexclusive?

2.2Harmonisationorharmony?

3.Paradoxesforrecipients:

Modernisationandborrowing

3.1Poolofmodelsandpossiblemismatch:

Whichmodel?

Whichrecipient?

3.2Thefirstparadox:

Similarityanddifference

3.2.1Whichtostress?

3.2.2Thevalueofthedifferent

3.3Thesecondparadox:

Canthemismatchbecorrected?

3.4Thethirdparadox:

Contemporarycharacterofimport/export

4.Intermezzo:

Thetestbed

5.ThecaseofEnglishcommonlaw:

Contaminated,irritatedorcorrected?

5.1Pastencountersabroad

5.2ThePrivyCouncil:

Unitythroughdiversity?

5.3Encountersathome

5.4Present-dayencounters

5.4.1Convergence:

Concepts

5.4.2Convergence:

Statutoryinterpretation

5.4.3Convergence:

Codification

5.4.3.1Introduction

5.4.3.2TheLawCommission

5.4.3.3CommercialCode

5.4.3.4CriminalCode

5.4.3.5ContractCode

5.4.3.6CoexistenceofcommonlawandcivillawinCodes

5.4.3.7EuropeanCodesinthecommonlawcontext

5.5Civillawandcommonlaw:

Contaminants,irritantsorcorrectives?

6.ThecaseofTurkey:

Ahyphenatedlegalsystem?

6.1Theformation

6.1.1TurkishimportandtheEU

6.1.2Internalimplications

6.1.2.1Examplesofadjustment:

Legislative

6.1.2.2Examplesofadjustment:

Judicial

6.2Thedevelopment

6.3Theexperience:

Hyphenatedlegalsystem

6.3.1ModeOne:

Swiss-Turkishlaw

6.3.1.1Indevelopingprinciples

6.3.1.2Intheunificationofprecedents

6.3.1.3Indissentingopinions

6.3.2ModeOne:

Turkish-Other'

sourcelaws'

6.3.2.1Italian-TurkishandGerman-Turkishlaw

6.3.2.2French-Turkishlaw

6.3.3ModeTwo:

Layeredandhyphenatedexistence

6.4Assessment

7.ThecaseofCentralandEasternEurope:

Choice,chanceornecessity?

7.1Systemsintransition

7.2Legaltranspositions

7.3Theelementsofthepresentexperience

7.3.1Formandcontent

7.3.2Chance

7.3.3Prestigeandefficiency

7.3.4Elites

7.3.5Choice

7.3.6Culture,structureandsubstance

7.4Models

7.5Assessment

8.Cancomparativelegalstudiesofferthepanacea?

Wheredowegofromhere?

Notes

Oldandnew

Anoldquestion

Modern,systematiccomparativelawisachildofthenineteenthcenturyandanadolescentofthetwentieth.Duringthisperiod,beyondgivingthecomparativelawyera'

freerein'

andbeingregardedas'

interesting'

comparativelawhasprovidedaseeminglyunendingpastimeforcomparatistsandotherstodiscussitstruemeaning,historicaldevelopment,dangers,virtues,scope,functions,aimsandpurposes,usesandmisuses,andmethod,andthisevenaftercomparativelawhadbeenacceptedaspartoftheundergraduatecurriculuminmostuniversities.

（2）Thiswasasorrystateofaffairs.Comparativelawis,dareIsayit,stillinasorrystatein1999,inspiteofbeingregardednowasindispensableandthefactthatthenextcenturymaybecome'

theeraofcomparativelaw'

（3）thetimeofitsmajority.Letalonehavingadecisivedefinitionofwhatcomparativelawandcomparativemethodistoday,itseemsstillopentodiscussionwhetherthisisindeedanindependentdisciplineatall.（4）Comparatistshavealreadybeencalledupontorethinktheirsubject.（5）Itisevensuggestedthat'

thecomparativemethodmayhavemoreofafuturebypenetratingothersubjectsthanbytryingtoassertitsowncontinuedindependenceundertheunconvincingtitleofcomparativelaw'

.（6）Thiskindofdesperateviewmayhavearisenpartlyfromacircularandrathervaguedefinitiongivenbytwoofthemostestablishedcomparatistsofourtime:

'

[T]hewordssuggestanintellectualactivitywithlawasitsobjectandcomparisonasitsprocess.'

（7）Wewellknowthatthereisnofundamentalagreementevenon'

whatlawis'

.（8）

Mightonegosofarastosaythat,if'

historicalaccidents'

suchasthefollowinghadnottakenplace,therewouldhavebeennoneedforcomparativelawyers?

IfthelegallearningoftheRomanEmpirehadnotbeenlostinthebarbarianinvasions...'

'

IfinEnglandtherehadbeennoNormanconquestandconsequentlythecentralisedcourtsoftheKinghadnotbeenestablished...'

IfNapoleonhadnotbeeninterestedincodification...'

IfRomanLawhadnotbeenrediscoveredinthetwelfthcentury...'

Ifineverycountrylegalsciencehadnotbeennationalisedinthesenseofbeingnationallyisolated...'

IfAlgeriahadnotbeencolonisedbytheFrench...'

thatis,'

If"

buts"

and"

ands"

were"

pots"

pans"

...'

Yet,notonlyarecomparatistshere,butthereisalsoarenewedandgrowinginterestinthesubject.Asurveyoflawjournalsoverthelasttenyearsrevealsthatthenumberofarticlesoncomparativelaw-andthesearenotjustcomparativestudiesofcertainareasoflaw,butsearching,creativeandinnovativearticleslookingatcomparativelawproper-havequadrupled.（9）AultandGlendon'

sremarkin1974that,'

ifcomparativelawdidnotexist,itwouldhavetohavebeeninvented'

（10）isevenmorepertinenttoday.

Acursoryreadingofanywellestablishedcomparativelawtextbookwillinformthereaderofthe1900ParisCongressandofthealigningofcomparatistsasmethodologistsandsocialscientists,theaimsandpurposesofcomparativelawandhowitrelatestootherbranchesoflaw.Whenthevastnumberofworksmakinguseofcomparativelawareread,thefollowingobjectivescanbenoted:

academicstudy;

lawreformandpolicydevelopment;

atoolforresearchtoreachauniversaltheoryoflaw;

theprovisionofperspectivetostudents;

anaidtointernationalpracticeofthelaw;

internationalunificationandharmonisation-commoncoreresearch;

agap-fillingdeviceinlawcourts;

andanaidtoworldpeace.Theseobjectivesaresometimesgroupedaspractical,sociological,politicalorpedagogical.Thefindingsofcomparativelawyerscanindeedbeutilisedforanyoftheseobjectives.Whethertheseuseshavebeenfullytakenadvantageofandwhethertheobjectivesformulatedabovehavebeenrealisedshouldbeopenfordiscussionwhentakingstockofcomparativelegalstudiesattheendofthetwentiethcentury.Theseissuesmustbestudiedandassessedbeforewemoveintoa'

newcenturyforcomparativelaw'

.（11）Howeverurgentthismaybe,itisnottheaimofthepresentstudy.Neitherisitthemainconcernofthepresentstudytoquestionwhethertheabovearetheprimeobjectivesofcomparativelaw.Onemight,forexample,prefertounderstandtheprimefunctionofcomparativelawtobetheprovisionofwideraccesstolegalknowledge,tofurtheruniversalknowledgeandunderstandingofthephenomenaoflaw,（12）andregardcomparativelawprimarilyasthecriticalextractionofthislegalknowledgefromindividualinstances.

Inearlieryearscomparativelawwascategorisedas'

descriptive'

applied'

abstractorspeculative'

.Othercategorisationsincomparativelawarealsowellknown:

internal/external;

descriptive/dogmatic/applied/contrasting;

legislative/scholarly/scientificortheoretical;

formal/dogmatic/historical;

comparativenomoscopy/nomothetics/nomogenetics;

and,macrocomparison/microcomparison.Towardstheendofthetwentiethcentury,however,anumberofdistinctapproachestocomparativelawhavebecomeprominentandhavegaineddominanceovertheothers.Ontheonehand,theseapproachesmayenhancetheprospectsofcomparativelaw,ontheother,theycouldswallowitandchangeitscharacter.

Facingnewtrends

Therearefoursuchdistincttrendsworthmentioningincomparativelawdiscoursetoday:

comparativelawandlegalphilosophy（comparativejurisprudence）;

comparativelawandlegalhistory（historicalcomparativelaworhistorico-comparativeperspective）;

comparativelawandculture（comparativelegalculturesandlawandculturestudies）;

andcomparativelawandeconomics.

Itsadvocatesclaimthatonlythecombinationofcomparativelawandlegalphilosophycanreachatrueunderstandingoflaw.Thecombinationofcomparativelawandlegalhistoryisusedbythe'

newiuscommune'

seekersandlegaltransplantscholars.Thecombinationofcomparativelawandculture,whichtooktheformof'

lawandsocietystudies'

inthe1970sand'

lawandpopularculture'

inthe1980s,nowseekstoinvolvecomparativelawstudiesinordertoprovideabetterunderstandingofmulti-culturalismandintegration.Thecomparativelawandeconomicsmovement,verymuchinvoguetoday,endeavourstosetupcompetinglegalsystemsasanalternativetoharmonisationandcodificationtofindthemostefficientsolutionstoglobalproblems.

Legaltheoryandjurisprudence

Thefirstofthesetrendswasinitiallytheoutcomeofthesearchforatruemeaningforcomparativelawattemptingtoestablishcomparativelawnotonlyasadisciplineinitself,butalsoas'

justanother