一个高效的单向汽车共享系统发展的优化框架外文文献翻译中英文翻译外文翻译Word文件下载.docx

一个高效的单向汽车共享系统发展的优化框架外文文献翻译中英文翻译外文翻译Word文件下载.docx

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two-wayservices.One-waysystemsprovidemoreflexibilitytouserssincetheycanbedropped-offatanystation.However,theirmodelinginvolvesanumberofcomplexitiesarisingfromtheneedtorelocatevehiclesaccumulatedatcertainstations.Theplanningofone-wayelectricvehicle-sharingsystemsinvolvesahostofstronglyinteractingdecisionsregardingthenumber,sizeandlocationofstations,aswellasthefleetsize.

Inthispaperwedevelopandsolveamulti-objectiveMILPmodelforplanningone-wayvehicle-sharingsystemstakingintoaccountvehiclerelocationandelectricvehiclechargingrequirements.Forrealworld

problemsthesizeoftheproblembecomesintractableduetotheextremelylargenumberofrelocationvariables.Inordertocopewiththisproblemweintroduceanaggregatemodelusingtheconceptofthevirtualhub.Thistransformationallowsthesolutionoftheproblemwithabranch-and-bound

approach.

Theproposedapproachgeneratestheefficientfrontierandallowsdecisionmakerstoexaminethetrade-offbetweenoperator’sandusers’benefits.ThecapabilitiesoftheproposedapproacharedemonstratedonalargescalerealworldproblemwithavailabledatafromNice,France.Extensivesensitivityanalysiswasperformedbyvaryingdemand,stationaccessibilitydistanceandsubsidylevels.Theresultsprovideusefulinsightsregardingtheefficientplanningofone-wayelectricvehicle-sharingsystemsandallowdecisionmakerstoquantifythetrade-offbetweenoperator’sandusers’benefits.

1.Introduction

AccordingtoFederalHighwayAdministration（FHWA）studiesa

privatevehicletravelsonaverage40kilometersperday,whichis

approximately90minutestime.Fortherestofthetimethisvehicleisidleandoccupiesaparkingspot（FHWA,2010）.Analternative

iscar-sharing（alsoknownasshared-usevehicle）systems,which

haveattractedconsiderableattentionwithmultipleimplementationsworldwideduetotheirpotentialtoimprovemobilityandsustainability（Shaheen&

Cohen,2013）.Thesesystemsprovidebenefitsbothtotheirusersandthesocietyasawhole.Reducedpersonaltransportationcostandmobilityenhancementhavebeencitedasthetwomostnotablebenefitstoindividualusers.Recentstudiesshowthat,car-sharingalsodecreasesaveragevehiclekilometerstraveledand,itislikelytodecreasecongestion（Crane,Ecola,Hassell,&

Natarah,2012）andemissions（Shaheen

&

Cohen,2013）.Provisionofaffordablemobilitytoeconomically

disadvantagedgroupswithon-demandandpublictransportationsystemsisanothersocietalbenefit（Duncan,2011）.

Theattractivenessofcar-sharingsystemsisdeterminedbythe

levelofserviceofferedandthecostassociatedwiththeuseofthe

system.Thelevelofserviceisinfluencedbytheaccessibilityof

vehiclestationsbythepotentialusers,i.e.（i）thedistancebetween

user’soriginanddestinationfrompick-upanddrop-offvehicle

stationsrespectively,and（ii）theavailabilityofvehiclesatstations.

Ontheotherhand,stationnumberandsize,aswellasfleetsize

andavailabilityofvehicles,atthe‘‘righttime’’atthe‘‘rightstation’’,influencethecostofestablishingandoperatingacar-sharing

System.Thecar-sharingsystemscanbeclassifiedintoflexible‘‘one-

way’’andthemorerestricted‘‘two-way’’types,accordingto

whethertheusersshouldreturntherentedvehicleatadifferentor

atthelocationtheypickeditup.The‘‘one-way’’systemsarealso

classifiedas‘‘free-floating’’and‘‘non-floating’’accordingtoparkingspotrestrictions.Theformerreferstoasystemwithout

restrictedparkingspots.Userscanpick-upordrop-offvehiclesin

anyparkingspotrestrictedwithinthebordersofanarea.Thelatter

isusedfordefiningsystemsinwhichpick-upanddrop-offlocationsofthevehiclesshouldbedesignatedparkingspots.‘‘free-floating’’models,reservationisnotpossiblewhereas‘‘non-floating’’modelsprovideusersboththeabilitytomakereservationandtheflexibilityofone-waytrips.Whiletwo-waysystemsallowusersforreservations,thestateofpracticeinone-waysystemsisrenting-basedonreal-timeavailabilityorwithshorttermreservations（e.g.30minutesinadvance）.Arecent

studyshowedwithanagentbasedsimulationthatparkingreservationscanimprovethequalityofserviceforone-waycarsharingsystems（Kaspi,Raviv,&

Tzur,2014）.

Theproblemofensuringvehicleavailabilityandfulfillingreser-

vationbecomesmoreprominentwhenthevehiclescanberented

andusedonaone-waybasisinnon-floatingsystems.Theone-wayoperationofthevehiclescoupledwiththeimbalanceofdemandforvehicles,bothattheoriginofthetrip（pick-upstation）andatthedestination（drop-offstation）,mayresulttoasituationwherevehiclesareaccumulatedtostationswheretheyarenotneeded,whileatthesametimethereisvehicleshortageatthestationswheremorevehiclesareneeded（Barth,Todd,&

Xue,2004）.

Vehiclerelocation,i.e.transferofvehiclesfromstationswith

highvehicleaccumulationtostationswhereshortageisexperienced,isatechniquethathasbeenproposedtoimprovetheperformanceofone-waycar-sharingsystems（e.g.Cucu,Ion-Boussier,Ducq,&

Boussier,2009;

Jorge,Correia,&

Barnhart,2014;

Kek,Cheu,&

Chor,2006）.Thelackofefficientvehiclerelocationcoupledwiththeneedtoguaranteeagivenlevelofvehicleavailabilitymayleadtoanunnecessaryincreaseofthefleetsizeandvehicleunderutilization.Theefficientandcost-effectivestrategicplanning,andtheoperationofone-waycar-sharingsystemsrequiremodelsthatwilloptimallydeterminethenumberandlocationoftheservicestations,thefleetsize,andthedynamicallocationofvehiclestostations.Thesemodelsshouldassistdecisionmakerstostrikeanoptimumbalancebetweenthelevelofserviceofferedandthetotalcost（includingvehiclerelocationcosts）forimplementingandoperatingthecar-sharingsystem.

However,theliteraturecurrentlylacksamodelthatcan

considersimultaneouslydecisionsrelatedtothedeterminationof

stationlocation,sizeandnumber,andfleetsize,whiletakinginto

accountthedynamicsofvehiclerelocationandbalancingforasystemwithreservations.Existingmodels（Correia&

Antunes,2012;

Lin&

Yang,2011）eitherlookatstationlocationswithoutdueconsiderationtovehiclerelocationdecisions（Lin&

Yang,2011）,orconsiderstationlocationsassumingthatonlythedemandinthecatchmentareaofopenedstationsneedstobeserved（Correia&

Antunes,2012）.Inthecasewherevehiclerelocationismodeled（Correia&

Antunes,2012）,therelocationofthevehiclesandtheassociatedcostsareconsideredonlyattheendoftheoperatingperiod（usuallyaday）,andthereforetheyareinfluencingthefleetsize.

Theobjectiveofthispaperistwofold:

（i）todevelopandsolvea

mathematicalmodelfordeterminingtheoptimumfleetsize,and

thenumberandlocationoftherequiredstationsofone-way

non-floatingreservation-based,forbothpick-upanddrop-off,

car-sharingsystemsbytakingintoaccountthedynamicrepositioning（relocation）ofvehicles,and（ii）toapplytheproposedmodelforplanningandoperatingaone-wayelectricalcar-sharingsysteminthecityofNice,France.

Theremainderofthispaperisorganizedasfollows.Section2

providesanoverviewofpreviousrelatedworkandfurtherelaboratesontheargumentsjustifyingtheneedfortheproposedmodel,Section3presentstheformulationandthesolutionapproachoftheproposedmodel,Section4describestheapplicationoftheproposedmodelforplanningandoperatingaone-wayelectricalcar-sharingsysteminNice,France,Section5highlightspracticalconsiderationswhileSection6discussestheresearchconclusionsandprovidesrecommendationsforfuture

Research.

2.Previousrelatedresearch

Modelsrelatedtotheplanningandoperationofcar-sharing

systemscanbeclassifiedintothefollowingtwobroadcategories:

（i）modelsaddressingstrategicplanningdecisionsand（ii）models

supportingoperationaldecisions.

2.1.Modelsforstrategicplanningdecisions

Strategicplanningdecisionsseektodeterminethenumber,size

andlocationofstations,andthenumberofthevehiclesthatshould

beassignedtoeachstation,inordertooptimizeameasureoracombinationofmeasuresforsystemperformance.Stationlocationmodelshavebeendevelopedtolocatebicyclestations（Lin&

Yang,2011）andcarstations（Correia&

Antunes,2012）.Althoughthefocusofourworkisonelectricalcar-sharingsystems,wealsoreviewmodelsthataddressthestationlocationofshared-usebicycles,givensomesimilaritiesofthetwosystems.

Theproblemoflocatingstationsforshared-usebicycleshas

beenstudiedrecently（Lin&

Yang,2011）.Thispaperpresentsa

modelfordeterminingthenumberandlocationofbicyclestations

andthestructureofthenetworkofbicyclepathsthatshouldbe

developedtoconnectthebicyclestations.Theproblemisformulatedasanon-linearintegermodel.Theobjectivefunctionusedexpressesthetotalyearlycostencounteredbytheoperatorandtheusers.Asmallscaleexamplewasusedtoillustratethe