国际贸易实务英文讲稿Word下载.docx

国际贸易实务英文讲稿Word下载.docx

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Traditionally,theimportandexportpracticeortheinternationaltradebusinessconfinestotheimportandexportofgoods.However,intheUruguayRoundoftheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTradestartingfrom1986,thetraditionaldefinitionofinternationaltradeisforthefirsttimeextendedtotheimportandexportoftechnologiesandservicesonaccountofthedevelopmentoftheinternationaleconomicexchange.Uptonow,manycountrieshaveacceptedthenewdefinition.Inourcountry,thenewdefinitionhasbeenadoptedintolaw.ForeignTradeLawofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaadoptedattheSeventhSessionoftheStandingCommitteeoftheEighthNationalPeople’sCongressonMay12,1994definesintheArticle2that“ForthepurposesofthisLaw,foreigntradereferstoimportandexportofgoodsandtechnologiesandtheinternationaltradeinservices.”

1.3WhatAreCharacteristicofInternationalTradeinGoods?

Theinternationaltradeismoreorlessthesamewiththedomestictradeinthatarebothessentiallycommercialactivitieswiththesamepurposeofsaleandpurchaseofgoodswhicharerestrictedbytherulesofeconomics.Buttheydifferfromeachotherinthefollowingaspects:

First,sincetheinternationaltradeisdonebetweentwocountries,itislikelytobeaffectedbytheforeigntradepolicy,trademeasuresandforeignexchangecontrolofthecountriesconcerned.Naturally,itismoredifficulttodointernationaltradebusiness.

　　Second,thetradebusinessbetweentwocountriescertainlyinvolvestheproblemofapplicationofrelatedtradelawandregulationsofdifferentcountrieswhichgivesrisetothediscrepanciesandconflictsbetweentwolegalsystemsandpractices.Infact,theapplicationoflawsforthepretectionofinternationaltradeismorecomplicatedthanwecanimagine.

Moreover,boththequantitiesandsumsoftheinternationaltradeingoodsareusuallylargerthanthoseofthedomestictrade.Thereisalwaysalongtimespanbetweenthesigningofacontractcircumstances,thereexistsinevitablygreaterriskininternationaltrade.

Finally,theturbulenceofinternationalsituationandthechangeofmarketconditionsoftenresultintradedisputes.Whatismore,thefrequentfluctuationofforeignexchangeratesintheworld,therisingandfallingofgoodspricesintheinternationalmarket,andtheoccurrenceofeconomicandfinancialcrisisalladdgreatlytothedifficultyandriskininternationaltrade.

1.4WhatAretheBasicProceduresofImportandExportBusiness?

Infact,thebasicproceduresoftheimportandexportbusinessmaybesummedupinthefollowingthreestages,namely,preparationforimportandexport,negotiationoftermsandconditionsfortheformationofacontract,andfulfilmentofacontract.

1.4.1PreparationofImportandExport

Firstofall,themarketsurveyisawaytocollectsomerelatedinformationabouttheinternationalmarketsoastostudyandpredictitsfuturemovement,allofwhicharethenecessarybasisforcorrectdecisions.Ininternationaltradebusiness,themarketsurveyusuallyfocusesonthespecificimportingcountrywithregardtoitspoliticalandeconomicconditions,itsforeignpolicyandtradepolicy,itsprincipletradingcountries,itsusualexportingandimportingcommodities,etc.Themarketsurveyalsoaimsatthetargetmarketconditionsoftheimportingcountryingeneral,therelatedproductsinparticular,especiallythevarieties,styles,qualities,packing,etc.Meanwhile,themarketsurveyshouldtrytodiscovertheprospectiveclients.

　　Second,theregisteringoftrademarkisveryimportant,ifacompanyhasnotregisteredthetrademarkinthecountry,itwouldlosethemarketinthecountry.

　　Third,theadvertisingisanimportantwayinthepromotionofproducts.Ifitisproperlyused,advertisingwilleffectivelyinfluencethebuyingdecisionsofclientsintheimportingcountry.Theusualmeansofadvertisingincludesnewspapers,magazines,TV,radiobroadcast,brochure,etc.

　　Moreover,thepricingismadeonthebasisofthemarketsurvey.Itdirectlyaffectstheprofitoftheexporter.Whataretakenintoconsiderationwhenmakingpricingarethedemandofthetargetmarket,theadvantagesanddisadvantagesoftheexportingproducts,andcostaccounting,etc.

　　Furthermore,butnottheleast,insomebusiness,theexportermayberequiredtoapplyforanexportinglicenseoraquotaaccordingtotheregulationsofourcountry.Itistheexporter‘sdutytoobtaintheexportinglicenseorthequotabeforethenegotiationoftradetermsandconditions.

　　Lastcontactingclientstoestablishastablesalenetworkisaboveallimportanttoanexporter.Areliableclientwithconnectionsinhiscountryisasurewayofminimizingrisksandmaximizingprofits.Whencontactingaclientforbusinessforthefirsttime,however,itisalwaysadvisabletotakeapolicyofcaution.Theexporterneedstogetsuchnecessaryinformationabouttheclientasreputation,credit,financialstatusandbusinessmode,etc.beforeconcludingatransaction,especiallyonethatinvolvesalargesumofmoney.

1.5WhatAretheGeneralContentsofanInternationalContractforSaleofGoods?

　　Aninternationalcontractforsaleofgoodsisaformalwrittenagreementmadebetweentwoormorepartiesofdifferentcountriesforthepurposeofpurchaseandsaleofgoods.Toensurebothparties’fulfillmentofcontractualobligations,aninternationalcontractforsaleofgoodsusuallycoversthefollowingcontents:

　　i.Title

　　ii.Preamble:

　　　　Contractdate,place,partiesconcerned

　　iii.Nameofcommodity

　　iv.Qualityclause:

　　　　themethodandstandardbywhichtodeterminethequality,thetimeandplacetodeterminethequality,andtoleranceclause,etc.

　　v.Quantityclause:

　　　　theunitofmeasurement,theplaceandtimetodelivertheagreedquantity,calculationofweight,andmoreorlessclause,etc.

　　vi.Packingclause:

　　　　innerpacking,outerpacking,liningmaterial,packingmeasurement,weightandmarking,etc.

　　vii.Priceclause:

　　　　thetermsofprice,thecurrencyused,commissionanddiscount,etc.

　　viii.Paymentclause:

　　　　time,terms,currencyforpayment,andstipulationsfordeferment,anddishonor,etc.

ix.Shipmentanddelivery:

place,time,mode,ofshipmentanddelivery,and

shippingadvice,etc.

x.Insuranceclause:

insurant,conditions,theinsuredamountandplacefor

claim,etc.

xi.Inspectionclause:

placeofinspection,standard,andtheauthorized

inspectioninstitution,etc.

xii.Claimclause:

validityofclaim,andclaimcertificate,etc.

xiii.Arbitrationclause:

locationofarbitration,applicablearbitralrulesof

procedure,theorganizationofarbitration,etc.

xiv.ForceMajeureclause:

scopeofforcemajeureaccidents,timeandmeans

ofnotification,certifiedstatement,reportsand

documents,theescapeclause,etc.

xv.Breachandcancellationofcontractclause:

settlementofbreach,thecompensationamount,

etc.

xvi.Applicablelaws

xvii.Miscellaneousclause

xviii.Witnessclause:

signaturesofthepartiesconcerned,etc.

1.6WhatLawsAreApplicabletoInternationalsalesContract?

1.6.1DomesticLaws

Domesticlawsaremadebythelegislativebodyofacountryandareeffectivewithinthatcountryonly.TheContractLawofourcountry,adoptedattheSecondSessionoftheNinthNationalPeople’sCongressonMarch15,1999,specifiesintheArticle126that“Thepartiestoacontractinvolvingforeigninterestsmaychoosethelawapplicabletothesettlementoftheircontractdisputes,exceptasotherwisestipulatedbylaw.Ifthepartiestoacontractinvolvingforeigninteresthavenotmadeachoice,thelawofthecountrytowhichthecontractismostcloselyconnectedshallbeapplied.”Therefore,usuallybothpartiestoacontractmaychooseeitherthelawoftheexportingcountryortheimportingcountry,orthatofathirdcountry.Ifbothpartiestoacontractagreetochoosetobegovernedbythelawofacertaincounty,thenthecontractshouldstipulateitclearly.

1.6.2InternationalTradePractice

Internationaltradepracticeisalsoknownasinternationalcommercialpractice.Itisamongthemostimportantlegalrulesthatapplytotheinternationaltradeingoods.Itiscomposedofgeneralprovisions,normsandrulesprescribedbysomeinternationalorganizationsandcommercialgroups.

Infact,theinternationaltradepracticeisknowntobusinesspeopleofmostcountriesintheworldandisgenerallyacceptedbythemintheirbusiness.AmongthetradepracticewidelyinusetodayareIncoterms（ICCPublicationNo.560）,UniformCustomsandPracticeforDocumentaryCredits（ICCPublicationNo.600）,andUniformRulesofCollection（ICCPublicationNo.522）,allprescribedbyInternationalChamberofCommerce（ICC）.

Strictlyspeaking,however,theinternationaltradepracticeisnotlawandithasnobindingforceuponthepartiestoacontractunlessthecontractsti