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"
Becausewomenstartoffsolowintermsofwages,havinghigherliteracyandmoreskillsreally39abigdifference,"
saidKevinMiller,a40researchassociateatIWPRandco-authorofthestudy.
Womenneedtogo41intheirtrainingandeducationleveltoearnthesameasmen,Millersaid.
The42wasbasedonNationalAssessmentofAdultLiteracysurveys,themostrecentdata43,andfocusedonreadingskills,notwritingandnumericliteracy.Thatdatawas44fromanationallyrepresentativesampleof19,714peopleaged16andolder,livinginhouseholdsorprisons.
Datashowedaboutone-thirdofAmericanadultshavelowliteracylevels,andmorethan36percentofmenand33percentofwomenfallintothat45,theinstitutesaid.
A.patternI.conducted
B.seniorJ.independent
C.longerK.literacy
D.difficultiesL.analysis
E.categoryM.likely
F.collectedN.further
G.positionsO.makes
H.available
36、_____ 37、_______ 38、_______ 39、_______ 40、_______ 41、_______ 42_______ 43、_______ 44、______ 45、_______
SectionB
Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.
Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.
46、回答46-56题:
A)Thelegislationconcerningfinancialreformfocusesonhelpingregulatorsdetectanddefuse(减少....危险性)thenextcrisis.Butitdoesn'
taddressmanyoftheunderlyingconditionsthatcancauseproblems.
B)Thelegislationgivesregulatorsthepowertooverseeshadowbanksandtakefailingfirmsapart,convenesacouncilofsuperregulatorstowatchthemegafirmsthatposearisktothefullfinancialsystem,andmuchelse.
C)Butthebilldoesmoretohelpregulatorsdetectthenextfinancialcrisisthantoactuallystopitfromhappening.Inthatway,it'
slikethedifferencebetweenimprovingpublichealthandimprovingmedicine:
Thebillfocusesonhelpingthedoctorswhofigureoutwhenyou'
resickandhowtogetyoubetterratherthanontheconditions(sewersystemsandairqualityandhygienestandardsandsoon)thatcontributetowhetheryougetsickinthefirstplace.
D)Thatistosay,manyoftheweaknessesandimbalancesthatledtothefinancialcrisiswillsurviveourregulatoryresponse,andit'
simportanttokeepthatinmind.Soherearefivewestillhavetowatchoutfor:
1.TheGlobalGlut(供过于求)ofSavings
E)"
Oneoftheleadingindicatorsofafinancialcrisisiswhenyouhaveasustainedsurgeinmoneyflowingintothecountrywhichmakesborrowingcheaperandeasier,"
saysHarvardeconomistKennethRogoff.Ourcrisiswasnodifferent:
Between1987and1999,ourcurrentaccountdeficit--themeasureofhowmuchmoneyiscominginversusgoingout--fluctuatedbetween1and2percentofgrossdomesticproduct.By,ithadhit6percent.
F)Thesharprisewasdrivenbyemergingeconomieswithlotsofgrowthandfewinvestmentopportunities-thinkChina-funnelingtheirmoneytodevelopedeconomieswithlessgrowthandlotsofinvestmentopportunities.Butwe'
vegottenoutofthecrisiswithoutfixingit.Chinaisstillgrowingfast,exportingfaster,andsendingthemoneyovertoUS.
2.HouseholdDebt-andWhyWeNeedIt
G)Thefactthatmoneyisavailabletoborrowdoesn'
texplainwhyAmericansborrowedsomuchofit.HouseholddebtasapercentageofGDPwentfromabitlessthan60percentatthebeginningofthe1990stoabitlessthan100percentin."
ThisiswhereIcometoincomeinequality,"
saysRaghuramRajan,aneconomistattheUniversityofChicago."
Alargepartofthepopulationsawrelativelystagnantincomesoverthe1980sand1990s.Creditwassowelcomebecauseitkeptpeoplewhowerefallingbehindreasonablyhappy.Youwerekeepingup,evenifyourincomewasn'
t."
H)Incomes,ofcourse,areevenmorestagnantnowthatunemploymentisat9percent.Andthatpainisn'
tbeingsharedequally:
inequalityhasactuallyrisensincebeforetherecession,asjoblessnessisprovingstickyamongthepoor,butrecoveryhasbeenswiftfortherich.Householdborrowingisstillmorethan90percentofGDP,andtheconditionsthatdroveitupthereare,ifanything,worse.
3.The"
ShadowBanking"
Market
I)Thefinancialcrisisstartedoutsimilarlysevere,butitwasn'
t,atfirst,acrisisofconsumers.Itwasacrisisofbanks.Itneverbecameacrisisofconsumersbecauseconsumerdepositsareinsured.Butlargeinvestors-pensionfunds,banks,corporations,andothers--aren'
tinsured.Butwhentheyhearthattheircollateral(从属担保品)isdroppinginvalue,theydemandtheirmoneyback.Andwheneveryonedoesthatatonce,it'
slikeanold-fashionedbankrun:
Thebankscan'
tpayeveryoneoffatonce,sotheyunloadalltheirassetstogetcapital,theassetsbecomeworthlessbecauseeveryoneistryingtounloadthem,andthebankscollapse.
J)"
Thisisaninherentproblemofprivatelycreatedmoney,"
saysGaryGorton,aneconomistatPrincetonUniversity."
Itisvulnerabletothesekindsofruns."
Thisyear,we'
rebringingthisshadowbankingsystemunderthecontrolofregulatorsandgivingthemallsortsofinformationonitandpoweroverit,butwe'
renotdoinganythinglikedepositinsurance,wherewesimplymakethedepositssafesorunsbecomeananachronism.
4.RichBanks
K)Inthe1980s,thefinancialsector'
sshareoftotalcorporateprofitsrangedfromabout10to20percent.By,itwasabout35percent.SimonJohnson,aneconomistatMIT,recallsaconversationhehadwithafundmanager."
Theguysaidtome,'
Simon,it'
ssolittlemoney!
Youcanswaysenatorsfor$10million!
?
'
"
Johnsonlaughsruefully(后悔地)."
Theseguys[biginvestors]don'
teventhinkinmillions.Theythinkinbillions."
L)Whatyougetforthatmoneyisfavors.Thelastfinancialcrisisfadesfrommemoryandthepublicbeginstofocusonotherthings.Thenthefinanceguysbeginnudging(游说).Theyholdsomefundraisersforpoliticians,makesomefriends,explainhowtheregulationsthey'
reunderareonerousandunfair.Andslowly,surely,thoseregulationscomeundone.Thisfinancialcrisiswillstickinourmindsforawhile,butnotforever.Andafterbrieflydroppingtolessthan15percentofcorporateprofits,thefinancialsectorhasreboundedtomorethan30percent.They'
llhaveplentyofmoneywithwhichtohelptheirfriendsforgetthiswholenastyaffair.
5.Lax(不严格)Regulators
M)Themosttroublingprospectisthechancethatthisbill,ifwe'
dpasseditin,wouldn'
tevenhavepreventedthisfinancialcrisis.That'
snottoundersellit:
Itwould'
vegivenregulatorsmoreinformationwithwhichtopredictthecrisis.Buttheyhadenoughinformation,andtheyignoredit.Theygetcaughtupinboomtimesjustlikeeveryoneelse.Abubble,almostbydefinition,affectstheregulatorswiththepowertopopit.
N)In,withhousingpricesrunningfar,faraheadofthehistoricaltrend,Bemankesaidahousingbubblewas"
aprettyunlikelypossibility"
.In,hesaidFedofficials"
donotexpectsignificantspilloversfromthesubprimemarkettotherestoftheeconomy."
AlanGreenspan,lookingbackatthefinancialcrisis,admittedinAprilthatregulators"
havehadawoefulrecordofchronicfailure.Historytellsustheycannotidentifythetimingofacrisis,oranticipateexactlywhereitwillbelocatedorhowlargethelossesandspilloverswillbe."
Inthe1980sand1990speopleexperiencednosubstantialincreaseintermsofincome,whichbroughtaboutthepopularityofcredit.
47、Financialcrisisisacrisisofbanksinthatshadowbankingmaycausebankstofail.
48、Thefinanceguysmakefriendswithpoliticiansinthehopeofmakingsomeburdensomeandunfairregulationscancelled.
49、Thelegislationconcerningfinancialreformoffersregulatorsthepowerofsupervisingshadowbanksanddisintegratingcompaniesonthevergeofbankruptcy.
50、Intermsoftheeffectofunemployment,itismoredeeplyfeltbythepoorthanbytherich.
51、Eveniftherewasenoughinformationtopredicttherewouldbefinancialcrisis,theregulatorsstillchosetoignoreit.
52、Emergingeconomieswithinsufficientinvestmentopportunitieshaveinvestedmuchmoneyindevelopedcountries.
53、Regulatorswithpowertendedtofailagainandagainconcerningforecastingafinancialcrisis.
54、AfundmanagerorlargeinvestorisconsideredabsurdlyrichbyaneconomistfromMIT.
55、Largeinvestors'
depositscanbemadesaferifshadowbankingsystemisunderthecontrolofregulators.
Se