珠珠丽莉MBA英语阅读理解真题黑体词汇复习总结0710Word格式文档下载.docx

珠珠丽莉MBA英语阅读理解真题黑体词汇复习总结0710Word格式文档下载.docx

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Priortothe20thcentury,manylanguageswithsmallnumbersofspeakerssurvivedforcenturies.Theincreasinglyinterconnectedmodernworldmakesitmuchmoredifficultforsmalllanguagecommunitiestoliveinrelativeisolation,akeyfactorinlanguagemaintenanceandpreservation.

Itremainstobeseenwhethertheworldcanmaintainitslinguisticandculturaldiversityinthecenturiesahead.Manypowerfulforcesappeartoworkagainstit:

populationgrowth,whichpushesmigrantpopulationsintotheworld’slastisolatedlocations;

masstourism;

globaltelecommunicationsandmassmedia;

andthespreadofgiganticglobalcorporations.Alloftheseforcesappeartosignifyafutureinwhichthelanguageofadvertising,popularculture,andconsumerproductsbecomesimilar.AlreadyEnglishandafewothermajortongueshaveemergedasgloballanguagesofcommerceandcommunication.Formanyoftheworld’speoples,learningoneoftheselanguagesisviewedasthekeytoeducation,economicopportunity,andabetterwayoflife.

Onlyabout3000languagesnowinuseareexpectedtosurvivethecomingcentury.Aremostoftherestdoomedinthecenturyafterthat?

Whethermostoftheselanguagessurvivewillprobablydependonhowstronglyculturalgroupswishtokeeptheiridentityalivethroughanativelanguage.Todosowillrequireanemphasisonbilingualism（masteryoftwolanguages）.Bilingualspeakerscouldusetheirownlanguageinsmallerspheres—athome,amongfriends,incommunitysettings—andagloballanguageatwork,indealingswithgovernment,andincommercialspheres.Inthisway,manysmalllanguagescouldsustaintheirculturalandlinguisticintegrityalongsidegloballanguages,ratherthanyieldtothehomogenizing（同化的）forcesofglobalization.

Ironically,thetrendoftechnologicalinnovationthathasthreatenedminoritylanguagescouldalsohelpsavethem.Forexample,someexpertspredictthatcomputersoftwaretranslationtoolswillonedaypermitminoritylanguagespeakerstobrowsetheInternetusingtheirnativetongues.Linguistsarecurrentlyusingcomputer-aidedlearningtoolstoteachavarietyofthreatenedlanguages.

Formanyendangeredlanguages,thelinebetweenrevivalanddeathisextremelythin.Languageisremarkablyresilient（有活力的）,however.Itisnotjustatoolforcommunicating,butalsoapowerfulwayofseparatingdifferentgroups,orofdemonstratinggroupidentity.Manyindigenous（原生的，土著的）communitieshaveshownthatitispossibletoliveinthemodernworldwhilereclaimingtheiruniqueidentitiesthroughlanguage.

Questions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage:

Everyone,itseems,hasahealthproblem.AfterpouringbillionsintotheNationalHealthService,Britishpeoplemoanaboutdirtyhospitals,longwaitsandwastedmoney.InGermanythenewchancellor,AngelaMerkel,isunderfireforsuggestingchangingthefinancingofitshealthsystem.Canada’snewConservativePrimeMinister,StephenHarper,madeabigfussduringtheelectionaboutreducingthecountry’slengthymedicalqueues.Acrosstherichworld,affluence,ageingandadvancingtechnologyaredrivinguphealthspendingfasterthanincome.

ButnowherehasabiggerhealthproblemthanAmerica.Soaringmedicalbillsaresqueezingwages,swellingtheranksoftheuninsuredandpushinghugefirmsandperhapseventhegovernmenttowardsbankruptcy.Ford’sannouncementthisweekthatitwouldcutupto30000jobsby2012wasasmuchasignofits“legacy”health-carecostsasoftheillsofthecarindustry.Pushedbypollsthatshowhealthcareisoneofhismaindomesticproblemsandbyforecastsshowingthattheretiringbaby-boomer（生育高峰期出生的人）willcrushthegovernment’sfinances,GeorgeBushisexpectedtounveilareformplaninnextweek’sstate-of-the-unionaddress.

America’sheathsystemisunlikeanyother.TheUnitedStatesspeedsl6％ofitsGDPonhealth,aroundtwicetherich-countryaverage,equivalentto$6,280foreveryAmericaneachyear.Yetitistheonlyrichcountrythatdoesnotguaranteeuniversalhealthcoverage.Thankstoanaccidentofhistory,mostAmericansreceivehealthinsurancethroughtheiremployer,withthegovernmentpickingupthebillforthepoorandtheelderly.

Thiscurioushybrid（混合物）certainlyhasitsstrengths.Americanshavemorechoicethananybodyelse,andtheirhealth-caresystemismuchmoreinnovative.Europeans’billscouldbemuchhigherifAmericanmedicinewerenotdoingmuchoftheirResearchanddevelopment（R＆D）forthem.Buttherearealsohugeweaknesses.Theonemostoftencited-especiallybyforeigners—isthearmyofuninsured.Some46millionAmericansdonothavecover.Inmanycasesthatisoutofchoiceand,iftheyfailseriouslyill,hospitalshavetotreatthem.Butitisstilldeeplyunequal.Andtherearealsoshockinginefficiencies:

bysomemeasures,30％ofAmericanhealthspendingiswasted.

Thenthereisthequestionofstatesupport.ManyAmericansdisapproveofthe“Socializedmedicine”ofCanadaandEurope.Infact,evenifmuchoftheadministrationisdoneprivately,around60％ofAmerica’shealth-carebillendsupbeingmetbythegovernment.Proportionately,theAmericanstatealreadyspeedsasmuchonhealthasthe0ECD（OrganizationofEconomicCooperationandDevelopment）average,andthatshareissettogrowasthebaby-boomersrunuptheirMedicarebillsandevermoreemployersavoidprovidinghealth-carecoverage．Americais，ineffect，headingtowardsaversionofsocializedmedicinebydefault.

Questions51to55arebasedonthefolioingpassage:

WhenThomasKeller，oneofAmerica’sforemostchefs,announcedthatonSept.1hewouldabolishthepracticeoftippingatPerSe，hisluxuryrestaurantinNewYorkCity,andreplaceitwithaEuropean-styleservicecharge,Iknewthreegroupswouldbeopposed:

customers,serversandrestaurantowners.Thesethreegroupsareallcommittedtotipping—astheyquicklymadeclearonWebsites.Toopposetipping,itseems,istobeanticapitalist，andmaybeevenalittleFrench.

ButMr.Kellerisrighttomoveawayfromtipping--andit’sworthexploringwhyjustabouteveryoneelseintherestaurantworldiswrongtostickwiththepractice.

Customersbelieveintippingbecausetheythinkitmakeseconomicsense.“Waitersknowthattheywon’tgetpaidiftheydon’tdoagoodjob”ishowmostadvocatesofthesystemwouldputit.Tobesure,thisisatempting,apparentlyrationalstatementabouteconomictheory,butitappearstohavelittleapplicabilitytotherealworldofrestaurants.

MichaelLynn,anassociateprofessorofconsumerbehaviorandmarketingatCornell’sSchoolofHotelAdministration,hasconducteddozensofstudiesoftippingandhasconcludedthatconsumers’assessmentsofthequalityofservicecorrelateweaklytotheamounttheytip.

Rather,customersarelikelytotipmoreinresponsetoserverstouchingthemlightlyandleaningforwardnexttothetabletomakeconversationthantohowoftentheirwaterglassisrefilled—inotherwords,,customerstipmorewhentheyliketheserver,notwhentheserviceisgood.Mr.Lynn’sstudiesalsoindicatethatmalecustomersincreasetheirtipsforfemaleserverswhilefemalecustomersincreasetheirtipsformaleservers.

What’smore,consumersseemtoforgetthatthetipincreasesasthebillincreases.Thus,thetippingsystemisanopeninvitationtowhatrestaurantprofessionalscall“upselling”:

everybottleofimportedwater，everyespressoandeverycocktailisextramoneyintheserver’spocket.Aggressiveupsellingfortipsisoftenrewardedwhilelow-key,qualityserviceoftengoesunrecognized.

Inaddition,thepracticeoftippooling,whichisthenorminfine-diningrestaurantsandisbecomingmorecommonineverykindofrestaurantabovethelevelofagreasyspoon,hasruinedwhatevereffectvotingwithyourtipmighthavehadonanindividualwaiter.Inanunreasonableoutcome，youarepunishingthegoodwaitersintherestaurantbynottippingthebadone.Indeed,thereappearstobelittleconnectionbetweentippingandgoodservice.

Questions56to60arebasedonthefollowingpassage：

“Ipromise.”“Isweartoyouit’llneverhappenagain.”“Igiveyoumyword.”“Honestly.Believeme.”Sure,Itrust.Whynot?

IteachEnglishcompositionataprivateCollege.Withacertainexcitementandintensity,Ireadmystudents’essays,hopingtofindthepersonbehindthepen.Aseachsemesterprogresses,plagiarism（剽窃）appears.NotonlyismyintelligenceinsultedasoneassumesIwon’tdetectapolishedpieceofprosefromanotherwise-averagewriter,butIfeelasadnessthatastudenthasresortedtobuyingapaperfromapeer.Writershavestyleslikefingerprintsandafterseveralassignments,Icanmatchastudent’sworkwithhisorhernameevenifit’smissingfromtheupperleft-handcorner.

Whyislearninglessimportantthanahighergrade-pointaverage（GPA）?

Whenwe’rethreatenedorsick,wemakeconditionalpromises.“IfyouletmepassmathIwill…”“Lord,ifyougetmeoverthisbeforethebighomecominggameI’ll…”Oncethesituationisbehindus,soarethepromises.Humannature?

Perhaps,butwedousethatcliché

（陈词滥调）togetusoutofuncomfortablebargains.Divineinterferenceduringdistressisasked;

gratitudeisunpaid.Afterall,fewfulfillthecontract,sowhyshouldanyonebetheexception.Whynot?

Sixyearsago,Itookastudentbeforethedean.HehadturnedinanessaywiththevocabularyandsentencestructureofaPHDthesis.Upuntilthattime,bothhisout-of–classandin-classworkwereborderlinepassing.Iquestionedthepersonregardinghisessayandhesworditwashisownwork.Igavehim