TOFELmoni1文档格式.docx

TOFELmoni1文档格式.docx

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（c） 

Theneedtodevelopanewapproachtoenvironmentalissues

（d） 

Communitiesofplantsliveatdifferentaltitudes

2. 

Theword“radically”inline2isclosestinmeaningto

variably

demonstrably

quickly

dramatically

3. 

Theauthormentions“cacti”inline3anda”treelessalpinetundra”inline4toillustrate

changesinclimate

theeffectsoftheiceage

communitiesofplants

plantmigration

4. 

Theword“which”inline10refersto

theresponsesofplantstoclimatechanges

thecurrenttheoriesofecosystems

thedevelopmentsofecosystems

plantlifechanges

5. 

Theword“axis”inline12isclosestinmeaningto

center

method

change

slowdown

6. 

Theword“successive”inline19isclosestinmeaningto

extinct

consecutive

accumulative

following

7. 

Thepassagestatesthatbydrillingintothelakebottomitispossibletofindsuccessivefossilsof:

sediment

ice

plantlife

pollen

8. 

Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassage

–thatthemigratorypatternsofplantsaredependentuponchangesinclimate

–thatmodernconservationmethodsshouldconsiderthemigratorypatternsofplants

–thatcurrentassociationsofplantsaresimilartothoseinthepast

–thatanothericeageislikelytooccuratsometime

9. 

Accordingtothepassage,themovementofindividualspeciesofplants

occursingroups

oftendependsupontheformationoflakes

doesnotoccuringroups

dependsuponclimateandsoilconditions

10. 

Allofthefollowingaretrueexcept

Theiceageoccurredwhensmallchangesaffectedthemovementoftheearth

Fossilrecordsseemtoindicatethatplantswillbepreservediftheyhavesufficientroomtomove

Fossilrecordsclearlyshowthatentiregroupsofplantsareunlikelytohavemovedtogether

Intheiceageglacierscoveredtheworldtodepthsofuptotwomiles

Question11-21

Somepioneeringworkthatbeganasanattempttodiscoverwaystoincreaseproductionefficiencyledtothefoundingofthehumanrelationsmovementinindustryandtothedevelopmentofmotivationalskillsandtoolsformanagers.In1927researcherswereinvolvedindeterminingtheoptimumamountoflighting,temperature,andhumidity（withlightingbeingconsideredthemostimportant）fortheassemblyofelectroniccomponentsatWesternElectric.Theresearchersfoundthatlightinghadnoconsistenteffectonproduction.Infact,productionsometimesincreasedwhenlightingwasreducedtothelevelofordinarymoonlight!

TheimportantpartofthisexperimentbeganwhentwoHarvardresearchers,EltonMayoandFritzRoethlisberger,werebroughtintoinvestigatetheseunexpectedresultsfurther.Theyfoundthatworkerswererespondingnottotheleveloflightingbuttothefactthattheywerebeingobservedbytheexperimenters.

ThisphenomenoncametobeknownastheHawthorneeffectsincetheexperimentswereconductedattheWesternElectricHawthorneplant.Thiswasthefirstdocumentedandwidelypublishedevidenceofthepsychologicaleffectsondoingwork,anditledtothefirstseriouseffortaimedatexaminingpsychologicalandsocialfactorsintheworkplace.Furtherexperimentswerecontinuedforfiveyears.Generally,theresearchersconcludedfromtheirexperimentsthateconomicmotivation（pay）wasnotthesolesourceofproductivityand,insomecases,noteventhemostimportantsource.Throughinterviewsandtestresults,theresearchersfocusedontheeffectsofworkattitudes,supervision,andthepeergroupandothersocialforces,onproductivity.

Theirfindingslaidthegroundworkformodernmotivationtheory,andthestudyofhumanfactorsonthejob,whichcontinuestothisdayinsuchcommonpracticesasselectionandtraining,establishingfavorableworkconditions,counseling,andpersonneloperations.Thecontributionsofthisexperimentshiftedthefocusofhumanmotivationfromeconomicstoamultifacetedapproachincludingpsychologicalandsocialforces.

11. 

Whatisthepassageprimarilyabout?

Thefirstwidelypublisheddevelopmentinmodernmotivationtheory

Shiftingthefocusofhumanmotivationfromeconomicstoamultifacetedapproach

Theimportanceofcarefulresearch

TheresultsofapioneeringstudyatWesternElectric

12. 

Theword“optimum”inline4isclosestinmeaningto

positive

favorable

best

alternate

13. 

Themostsignificantfindingoftheoriginalresearchwas

lightinghadnoconsistenteffectonproduction

productionsometimesincreasedwhenlightingwasreducedtothelevelofordinarymoonlight.

thatlightingwasnomoreimportantthantheotherfactorsoftemperatureandhumidity.

theresultswereunexpectedandconfusing.

14. 

WhydoestheauthorsaythattheimportantpartofthisresearchbeganwhentwoHarvardresearcherswerebroughtin（lines8-9）

Untilthentheresearchhadbeenpoorlyconducted

Theytookamultifacetedapproach

Theresultsoftheoriginalresearchdidnotmakesense

Harvardhasagoodreputationinconductingresearch

15. 

Theresearchbecameknownasthe“Hawthorneeffect”because

itwasthenameoftheplantwherethestudywasconducted

ItwasthenamesuggestedbytheHarvardresearchers

Itwasthenameoftheprincipalexperimenter

TherewerehawthorneplantsgrowingatWesternElectricwherethestudywasconducted

16. 

Theword“it”inline14refersto

theexperiment

economicmotivation

theWesternElectricHawthornplant

theHawthorneeffect

17. 

ItcanbeinferredfromthispassagethattheHawthornestudy

ledtolighting,temperature,andhumiditynolongerbeingconsideredimportantwhenseekingwaystoimproveproduction

Stimulatedfurtherresearchintoworkconditionandworkerbehavior

Ledtopsychologicalfactorsbecomingthemostimportantconsiderationinachievingproductionefficiency

Ledtoeconomicconsiderationsbeinglessimportantinachievingproductivity

18. 

Partofthereasonforthechangeinfocusfromeconomicstoamoremultifacetedapproachtothepsychologicaleffectsondoingworkwas

duetotherecognitionthatworkersshouldbehappyatworkinordertomaintainhighproductivity

ageneralconclusionthatpaywassometimesnotthemostimportantfactor

becausetheHawthornestudycontinuedforsolong

becausetheworkersrequestedit

19. 

Accordingtothepassage,itcanbeconcludedthata“multifacetedapproach”tohumanmotivationintheworkplace

excludeseconomics

canleadtogreaterproductivity

excludesphysicalconditions

focusesmainlyonpsychologicalandsocialforces

20. 

Theword“multifaceted”inline25isclosestinmeaningto

versatile

complex

many-sided

multitude

21. 

WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueabouttheHawthornestudy

Itwasthefirstdocumentedevidenceofthepsychologicaleffectsondoingwork

TheHawthornestudycontinuedforfiveyears

Theyfoundthatworkersrespondednottotheleveloflightingbuttothefactthatotherworkconditionswerenotfavorable

Thestudychangedthefocusfromeconomicstoamultifacetedapproach

Question22-31

Thehandlinganddeliveryofmailhasalwaysbeenaseriousbusiness,underpinnedbythetrustofthepublicinrequiringtimeliness,safety,andconfidentiality.Afterearlybeginningsusinghorsebackandstagecoach,andalthoughcarsandtrucksla