图形用户界面GUI详细发展历史Word下载.docx

图形用户界面GUI详细发展历史Word下载.docx

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,isacomputerinterfacethatusesgraphiciconsandcontrolsinadditiontotext.Theuserofthecomputerutilizesapointingdevice,likeamouse,tomanipulatetheseiconsandcontrols.Thiswasagreatleapforwardfromthecommandlineinterfaceusedinotheroperatingsystems,inwhichtheusertypesaseriesoftextcommandstothecomputer.

InitialDevelopments

Thefirstconceptofawindowingsystembeginswiththefirstreal-timegraphicdisplaysystemsforcomputers,namelytheSAGEProjectandIvanSutherland’sSketchpad.

AugmentationofHumanIntellect

DougEngelbart’sAugmentationofHumanIntellectprojectatSRIinthe1960sdevelopedtheOn-LineSystem,whichincorporatedamouse-drivencursorandmultiplewindows.

XeroxPARC

Engelbart’sworkdirectlyledtotheadvancesatXeroxPARC.SeveralpeoplewentfromSRItoXeroxPARCintheearly1970’s.TheXeroxPARCteamcodifiedtheWIMP（windows,icons,menusandpointers/pull-downmenus）paradigm,firstpioneeredontheXeroxAltoexperimentalcomputer,butwhicheventuallyappearedcommerciallyintheXerox8010（’Star’）systemin1981.

AppleLisaandMacintosh

Beginningin1979,ledbyJefRaskin,theLisaandMacintoshteamsatAppleComputer（whichincludedformermembersoftheXeroxPARCgroup）continuedtodevelopsuchideas.TheMacintosh,releasedin1984,wasthefirstcommerciallysuccessfulproducttouseaGUI.Adesktopmetaphorwasused,inwhichfileslookedlikepiecesofpaper;

directorieslookedlikefilefolders;

therewereasetofdeskaccessorieslikeacalculator,notepad,andalarmclockthattheusercouldplacearoundthescreenasdesired;

andtheusercoulddeletefilesandfoldersbydraggingthemtoatrashcanonthescreen.

ThereisstillsomecontroversyovertheamountofinfluencethatXerox’sPARCwork,asopposedtopreviousacademicresearch,hadontheGUIsofApple’sLisaandMacintosh,butitisclearthattheinfluencewasextensive.

TheMacintosh’sGUIhasbeenrevisedwithtimesince1984,withamajorupdatewithSystem7,andunderwentitslargestrevisionwiththeintroductionofthe"

Aqua"

interfacein2001’sMacOSX.

VisiOn

GraphicaluserinterfaceprimarilydesignedforspreadsheetsbythecompanythatwrotethelegendaryVisiCalcspreadsheet.Firstintroducedthe"

windows"

conceptandamousetothePCenvironment,in1983.PrecededthefirstMicrosoftWindowsimplementations.VisiOnnevertookoffbecauseitcouldnotbeusedtorunotherMS-DOSapplicationsandwasbuggyandexpensive.InspiredthemultitaskingsystemDESQview.

AmigaIntuition

AmigacomputersdevelopedaGUIin1985calledIntuition.InthisGUIdirectorieswereshownasfilingcabinetdrawers.

TheAmigaGUIwasuniqueforitstimebecauseitfeaturedapop-upcommandlineinterface（CLI）forthosetimeswhenaGUIdoesnotofferenoughcontrol.

GEM

AtthesametimeMicrosoftwasdevelopingWindowsinthe1980s,DigitalResearchdevelopedtheGEMDesktopGUIsystem.GEMwascreatedasanalternativewindowsystemtorunonIBMPCsystems,eitherontopofMS-DOS（likeMicrosoftWindows）orontopofCPM-86,DR’sownoperatingsystemthatMS-DOSwaspatterenedafter.GEMachievedminimalsuccessinthePCworld,butwaslaterusedasthenativeGUIontheAtariSTmachines.

GEOS

GEOSwasanotherveryearlygraphicaldesktopsystem.Originallywrittenforthe8bithomecomputerCommodore64itwaslaterportedtoIBMPCsystems.Itcamewithseveralapplicationprogramslikeacalendarandwordprocessor,andacut-downversionservedasthebasisforAmericaOnline’sDOSclient.ComparedtothecompetingWindows3.0GUI,itcouldrunreasonablywellonsimplerhardware.

RevivalswereseenintheHPOmniGohandhelds,BrotherGeoBooklineoflaptop-appliances,andtheNewDealOfficepackageforPCs.Relatedcodefounditswaytoearlier’Zoomer’PDAs,creatinganunclearlineagetoPalm,Inc’slaterwork.

MicrosoftWindows

MicrosoftmodeledthefirstversionofWindows,releasedin1985,ontheGUIoftheMacOS.Windows1.0wasaGUI（graphicuserinterface）fortheMS-DOSoperatingsystemthathadbeenthestandardOSforwithIBMPCandcompatiblecomputerssince1981.Windows2.0followed,thenin1990theWindows3.0launchwaswhenthepopularityofWindowsreallyexploded.TheGUIsofsubsequentversionsofWindowshavebeensimilartotheGUIofWindows3.0.

In1988,ApplesuedMicrosoftforcopyrightinfringementoftheLisaandAppleMacintoshGUI.Thecourtcaselasted4yearsbeforealmostallofApple’sclaimsweredenied.SubsequentappealsbyApplewerealsodenied,andMicrosoftandAppleapparentlyenteredafinal,privatesettlementofthematterin1997asasidenoteinabroaderannouncementofinvestmentandcooperation.

RISCOS

EarlyversionsofwhatbecamecalledRISCOSwereknownasArthur,whichwasreleasedin1987.RISCOSwasacolourGUIoperatingsystemwhichusedthree-buttonedmice,ataskbar（calledtheiconbar）,andafilenavigatorsimilartothatofMacOS.AcorncreatedRISCOSinthe1980sfortheirARM-CPUbasedcomputers.

NeXTSTEP

TheNeXTSTEPuserinterfacewasusedintheNeXTlineofcomputers.NeXTSTEP’sfirstmajorversionwasreleasedin1989.ItusedDisplayPostScriptforitsgraphicalunderpinning.TheNeXTSTEPinterface’smostsignificantfeaturewastheDock,carriedintoMacOSX,andhadotherminorinterfacedetailsthatsomefoundmadeiteasierandmoreintuitivetousethanpreviousGUIs.NeXTSTEP’sGUIwasthefirsttofeatureopaquedraggingofwindowsinitsuserinterface,onacomparativelyweakmachinebytoday’sstandards.

/H3>

OriginallycollaborativelydevelopedbyMicrosoftandIBMtoreplaceDOS,version1.0（releasedin1987）hadnoGUIatall.Version1.1（released1988）includedPresentationManager（PM）,whichlookedalotlikethelaterWindows3.0UI.AfterthesplitwithMicrosoft,IBMdevelopedtheWorkplaceShell（WPS）forversion2.0（releasedin1992）,aquiteradical,object-orientedapproachtoGUIs.MicrosoftlaterimitatedmuchofthisinWindows95.

BeOSXWindowSystem

ThePostScript-basedNeWS（NetworkextensibleWindowSystem）wasdevelopedbySunMicrosystems.ForseveralyearsSunOSincludedawindowsystemcombiningNeWSandtheXWindowSystem.AlthoughNeWSwasconsideredtechnicallyelegantbysomecommentators,Suneventuallydroppedtheproduct.UnlikeX,NeWSwasalwaysproprietarysoftware.

TheXWindowSystem

ThestandardwindowingsystemintheUnixworld,developedintheearly1980s,istheXWindowSystem,orX.XwasdevelopedatMITasProjectAthena.Itsoriginalpurposewastoallowusersofthenewlyemerginggraphicterminalstoaccessremotegraphicsworkstations,withoutregardtotheworkstation’soperatingsystemorthehardware.DuelargelytotheavailabilityofthesourcecodeusedtowriteX,ithasbecomethestandardlayerformanagementofgraphicalandinput/outputdevicesandforthebuildingofbothlocalandremotegraphicalinterfacesonvirtuallyallsystems,includingUNIX,theBSDoperatingsystemsandtheGNU/Linuxdistributions.

XallowsagraphicalterminalusertomakeuseofremoteresourcesonthenetworkasiftheywerealllocatedlocallytotheuserbyrunningasinglemoduleofsoftwarecalledtheXserver.Thesoftwarerunningontheremoteworkstationiscalledtheclientapplication.X’snetworktransparencyprotocolsallowthedisplayandinputportionsofanyapplicationtobeseparatedfromtheremainderoftheapplicationand’servedup’toanyofalargenumberofremoteusers.

IntheearlydaysofXWindowdevelopmentSunMicrosystemsandAT&

TattemptedtopushforaGUIstandardcalledOpenLookincompetitionwithMotif.OpenLookwasawell-designedstandarddevelopedfromscratchwhileMOTIFwasacollectiveeffortthatfellintoplace.ManywhoworkedonOpenLookatthetimeappreciateitsdesigncoherence.Motifprevailedthe’religious’warandbecamethebasesforCDE（CommonDesktopEnvironment）.BothXandOpenMotifareavailabletodayasfreesoftware.

Inthelate1990s,therewassignificantgrowthintheUnixworld,especiallyamongthefreesoftwarecommunity.NewgraphicaldesktopmovementsgrewuparoundGNU/Linuxandsimilaroperatingsystems,basedontheX.Anewemphasisonprovidinganintegratedanduniforminterfacetotheuserbroughtaboutnewdesktopenvironments,KDEandGNOME.

Seealso:

∙Applev.Microsoft

∙BillAtkinson

∙DougEngelbart’sOn-LineSystem

∙Graphicaluserinterface

∙Historyofcomputing

∙HistoryofMicrosoftWindows

∙IvanSutherland’sSketchpad

∙JefRaskin

Externallinks:

∙VisiOnhistory-ThefirstGUIforthePC

以下来自：

1973

April1973,thefirstoperationalAltocomputeriscompletedatXeroxPARC.

TheAltoisthefirstsystemtopulltogetheralloftheelementsofthemodernGraphicalUserInterface. 

Features:

3-buttonmouse.

Bit-mappeddisplay.

Theuseofgraphicalwindows.

Ethernetnetwork.

1980

1980:

ThreeRiversComputerCorporationintroducesthethePerqgraphicalworkstation.

1981

1981June:

XeroxintroducestheStar,thecommercialsuccessortotheAlto.

Notablefeatures:

Double-clickableicons,overlappingwindows,dialogboxesanda1024*768monochromedisplay.

1983

1983January:

AppleintroducestheLisa.

Pulldownmenusandmenubars.

VisiCorpreleasesVisiOn,thefirstintegratedgraphicalsoftwareenvironmentforIBMPCs.

Microsoftannouncestheirnew"

Windows"

programfortheIBMPCbutdoesnotreleaseituntil1985.