大学六级模拟981Word文件下载.docx

大学六级模拟981Word文件下载.docx

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2．有人并不赞成

3．我认为……

ShouldForeignAbbreviationsBeBannedonTV?

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PartⅡReadingComprehension（SkimmingandScanning）

Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.

FactorsforStressandAnxiety

Atsomepointintheirlivesvirtuallyeveryonewillexperiencestressfuleventsorsituationsthatoverwhelmtheirnaturalcopingmechanisms.Inonepoll,89%ofrespondentsindicatedthattheyhadexperiencedseriousstressintheirlives.Somepeoplearesimplybiologicallypronetostress.Factorsleadingtostressandanxietymainlyareasfollows:

RiskFactors

Conditionsthataremostlikelytobeassociatedwithstressandnegativephysicaleffectsincludethefollowing:

*Anaccumulationofpersistentstressfulsituations,particularlythosethatapersoncannoteasilycontrol（forexample,high-pressuredworkplusanunhappyrelationship）.

*Persistentstressfollowingasevereacuteresponsetoastabbingevent（suchasanautomobileaccident）.

*Acutestressaccompanyingseriousillness,suchasheartdisease.

Peoplerespondtostressdifferently,dependingondifferentfactors:

*Earlynurturing:

Abusivebehaviortowardschildrenmaycauselong-termabnormalities（反常）inthehypothalamus-pituitarysystem,whichregulatesstress.

*Personalitytraits:

Certainpeoplehavepersonalitytraitsthatcausethemtoover-respondtostressfulevents.

*Geneticfactors:

Somepeoplehavegeneticfactorsthataffectstress,suchashavingamoreorlessefficientrelaxationresponse.Onestudyfoundageneticabnormalityinserotonin（血清素）regulationthatwasconnectedwithaheightenedreactionofheartratesandbloodpressureinresponsetostress.（Serotoninisabrainchemicalinvolvedwithfeelingsofwell-being.）

*Immune-regulateddiseases:

Certaindiseasesthatareassociatedwithimmuneabnormalitiessuchasrheumatoidarthritis（类风湿性关节炎）mayactuallyweakenaresponsetostress.

*Thelengthandqualityofstressors:

Naturally,thelongerthedurationandthemoreintensethestressors,themoreharmfultheeffects.

ChildhoodFactors

Childrenarefrequentvictimsofstressbecausetheyareoftenunabletocommunicatetheirfeelingsaccurately.Theyalsohavetroublecommunicatingtheirresponsestoeventsoverwhichtheyhavenocontrol.Certainphysicalsymptoms,notablyrepeatedabdominalpainwithoutaknowncause,maybeindicatorsofstressinchildren.Variousconditionscanaffecttheirsusceptibilitytostress.

Parentalstress,especiallyinmothers,isaparticularlypowerfulsourceofstressinchildren,evenmoreimportantthanpovertyorovercrowding.Youngchildrenofmotherswhoarehighlystressed（particularlyiftheyweredepressed）tendtobeathighriskfordevelopingstress-relatedproblems.Thismaybeespeciallytrueifthemotherswerestressedduringboththechild'

sinfancyandearlyyears.Someevidenceevensupportstheoldideathatstressduringpregnancycanhaveadverseeffectsontheinfant'

smoodandbehavior.Olderchildrenwithstressedmothersmaybecomeaggressiveandanti-social.Anotherstudysuggestedthatstress-reductiontechniquesinparentsmayimprovetheirchildren'

sbehavior.

Adolescentboysandgirlsexperienceequalamountsofstress,butthesourceandeffectsmaydiffer.Girlstendtobecomestressedfrominterpersonalsituations,andstressismorelikelytoleadtodepressioningirlsthaninboys.Forboys,however,specificevents,suchaschangingschoolsorgettingpoorgrades,appeartobethemajorsourcesofstress.

WorkandStress

Inastudyof46,000workers,healthcarecostswere147%higherinworkerswhowerestressedordepressedthaninotherswhowerenot.Furthermore,accordingtoonesurvey,40%ofAmericanworkersdescribetheirjobsasverystressful,makingjob-relatedstressanimportantandpreventablehealthhazard.

Severalstudiesarenowsuggestingthatjob-relatedstressisasgreatathreattohealthassmokingornotexercising.Stressimpairsconcentration,causessleeplessness,andincreasestheriskforillness,backproblems,accidents,andlosttimefromwork.Workstresscanleadtoharassmentorevenviolencewhileonthejob.Atitsmostextreme,chronicstressplacesaburdenontheheartandcirculationthatinsomecasesmaybefatal.TheJapaneseevenhaveawordforsuddendeathduetooverwork,karoushi.

Manyinstitutionswithinthecurrentculture,whilepayinglipservicetostressreduction,putintensepressureonindividualstobehaveinwaysthatincreasetension.Yet,therearenumerouseffectivemanagementtoolsandtechniquesavailabletoreducestress.Furthermore,treatmentforwork-relatedstresshasprovenbenefitsforboththeemployeeandemployer.Inonestudy,attheendof2years,acompanythatinstitutedastressmanagementprogramsavednearly$150,000inworkerscompensationscosts（thecostoftheprogramwasonly$6,000）.Otherstudieshavereportedspecifichealthbenefitsresultingfromworkplacestress-managementprograms.Inoneofthestudies,workerswithhypertensionexperiencedreducedbloodpressureafterevenabrief（16-hour）programthathelpedthemmanagestressbehaviorally.

Ingeneral,however,fewworkplacesofferstressmanagementprograms,anditisusuallyuptotheemployeestofindtheirownwaystoreducestress.Herearesomesuggestions:

*SeekoutsomeoneintheHumanResourcesdepartmentorasympatheticmanagerandcommunicateconcernsaboutjobstress.Workwiththeminanon-confrontationalwaytoimproveworkingconditions,lettingthemknowthatproductivitycanbeimprovedifsomeofthepressureisoff.

*Establishorreinforceanetworkoffriendsatworkandathome.

*Restructureprioritiesandeliminateunnecessarytasks.

*Learntofocusonpositiveoutcomes.

*Ifthejobisunendurable,planandexecuteacareerchange.Sendoutresumesorworkongettingatransferwithinthecompany.

*Ifthisisn'

tpossible,besuretoscheduledailypleasantactivitiesandphysicalexerciseduringfreetime.

Itmaybehelpfultokeepinmindthatbossesarealsovictimizedbythesamestressfulconditionstheyareimposing.Forexample,inonestudyofmalemanagersinthreeSwedishcompanies,thosewhoworkedinabureaucracyhadgreaterstress-relatedheartrisksthanthosewhoworkedincompanieswithsocialsupports.

Caregiving

Studiesshowthatcaregiversofphysicallyormentallydisabledfamilymembersareatriskforchronicstress.Onestudyreportedthatoverallmortalityrateswereover60%higherincaregiverswhowereunderconstantstress.Spousescaringforadisabledpartnerareparticularlyvulnerabletoarangeofstress-relatedhealththreats,includinginfluenza,depression,heartdisease,andevenpoorersurvivalrates.Caringforaspousewithevenminordisabilitiescaninduceseverestress.

Interventionprogramsthatareaimedathelpingthecaregiverapproachthesituationpositivelycanreducestress,andhelpthecaregivermaintainapositiveattitude.A2002programalsodemonstratedthatmoderate-intensityexercisewasveryhelpfulinreducingstressandimprovingsleepincaregivers.

Caregivingamongthehealthprofessionalsisalsoahighriskfactorforstress.Onestudy,forexample,foundthatregisterednurseswithlowjobcontrol,highjobdemands,andlowwork-relatedsocialsupportexperiencedverydramatichealthdeclines,bothphysicallyandemotionally.

AnxietyDisorders

Peoplewhoarelessemotionallystableorhavehighanxietylevelstendtoexperiencespecificeventsasmorestressfulthanothers.Somedoctorsdescribeanexaggeratednegativeresponsetostressastreatingtheeventasacatastrophe.Nevertheless,a2003studyofpatientswithanxietydisorderdidnotfindanydifferencesinactualphysicalresponsetostress（heartrate,bloodpressure,releaseofstresshormones）comparedtopeoplewithoutanxiety.

LackingaSocialNetwork

Thelackofanestablishednetworkoffamilyandfriendspredisposes（使预先有倾向）onetostressdisordersandstress-relatedhealthproblems,includingheartdiseaseandinfections.Astudy,meanwhile,reportedthatolderpeoplewhomaintainactiverelationshipswiththeiradultchildrenarebufferedagainsttheadversehealtheffectsofchronicstress-inducingsituations,suchaslow-incomeorlower-socialclass.Anotherstudysuggestedthismaybebecausepeoplewholivealoneareunabletodiscussnegativefeelingsasameanstorelievetheirstress.

Studiesofpeoplewhoremainhappyandhealthydespitemanylifestressesconcludethatmosthaveverygoodnetworksofsocialsupport.Onestudyindicatedthatsupportevenfromstrangersreducedbloodpressuresurgesinpeopleundergoingastressfulevent.Manystudiessuggestthathavingapethelpsreducemedicalproblemsaggravatedbystress,includingheartdiseaseandhighbloodpressure.

1.Stressismostlikelytorisefromconditionsinwhich______.

[A]twopersonswithdifferentcharacteristicsworktogether

[B]apersonalwaysrecallspastpainfulexperience

[C]apersonhasjustgetoveraseriousphysicaldisease

[D]parentsabusetheirchildrentoomuchinearlynurtur