Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems Progress in Organic CoatingsWord文档下载推荐.docx

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269

VolcanogenicoriginofcenotesnearMtGambier,southeasternAustralia 

Geomorphology,Volume119,Issues1-2,15June2010,Pages23-35

JohnA.Webb,KenG.Grimes,IanD.Lewis

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AbstractAbstract|Figures/TablesFigures/Tables|ReferencesReferences

Abstract

ThecenotesnearMtGambierarecircular,cliffed,collapsedolinescontainingwater-tablelakesupto125 

mdeep,flooredbylargerubblecones.Theylieinaflat,coastalplaincomposedofmid-Tertiarylimestone.Mostofthedeepestcenotesareconcentratedintwosmallareaslocatedalongtrendssub-paralleltothemainjointdirectioninthelimestone.Thecenotesdonotconnecttounderwaterphreaticpassages,andwaterchemistrydataconfirmthattheyarenotpartofaninterconnectedkarstnetwork.Theyformedbycollapseintolargechambers（upto>

1millionm3）thatextended125 

mormorebelowthelandsurface.Severalcenoteshaveactivelygrowingstromatolitesonthesub-verticalwallsthatstartedgrowingat

8000 

yearsBP.

ThecavesthatcollapsedtoformthedeepMtGambiercenotesaremuchlargerthanshallowanddeepphreaticcavesinthearea,anddonotconnectintodeepphreaticsystems.Theywerenotformedbyfreshwater/seawatermixing,responsibleformanyofthewell-knownYucatancenotes,becausetheyarenotassociatedwithlocationsofthemixingzoneduringprevioushighsealevels,andaremuchlargerthancavespresentlyformingalongthemixingzonenearMtGambier.InsteaddissolutionwasmostlikelyduetoaprocesswherebyacidifiedgroundwatercontaininglargeamountsofvolcanogenicCO2ascendedupfracturesfromthemagmachambersthatfedthePleistocene–Holocenevolcaniceruptionsinthearea;

deepreservoirsofvolcanogenicCO2occurnearby.

CavedissolutioncouldhavebeenduetoreleaseofCO2duringtheMtGambiereruption

28,000 

yearsago,followedbycollapsetoformcenotesduringthelowsealevelsoftheLastGlacialMaximum

20,000 

yearsago.Thecenotesthenflooded

yearsagoassealevelrose,andstromatolitesbegantogrowonthewalls.

ArticleOutline

1.Introduction

2.Geomorphologicalsetting

3.Geologicalsetting

4.Climate

5.Hydrogeology

6.Karstfeatures

6.1.Cenotes

6.2.Phreaticcaves

6.3.Springs

7.Cenoteorigin

7.1.Collapseintocavitiesdissolvedinevaporitebeds

7.2.Progressivecollapseduetodissolutionbyunder-saturatedbasalwaters

7.3.Collapseintocavitiesformedbyphreaticprocesses

7.4.Collapseintocavitiesformedbyfreshwater/seawatermixing

7.5.CollapseintocavitiesdissolvedbyvolcanogenicCO2

8.Timingofdeep,volcanogeniccenoteformation

9.Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

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270

Soilmanagementinrelationtosustainableagricultureandecosystemservices 

FoodPolicy,Volume36,Supplement1,January2011,PagesS72-S87

D.S.Powlson,P.J.Gregory,W.R.Whalley,J.N.Quinton,D.W.Hopkins,A.P.Whitmore,P.R.Hirsch,K.W.T.Goulding

Requirementsforresearch,practicesandpoliciesaffectingsoilmanagementinrelationtoglobalfoodsecurityarereviewed.Managingsoilorganiccarbon（C）iscentralbecausesoilorganicmatterinfluencesnumeroussoilpropertiesrelevanttoecosystemfunctioningandcropgrowth.EvensmallchangesintotalCcontentcanhavedisproportionatelylargeimpactsonkeysoilphysicalproperties.PracticestoencouragemaintenanceofsoilCareimportantforensuringsustainabilityofallsoilfunctions.SoilisamajorstoreofCwithinthebiosphere–increasesordecreasesinthislargestockcaneithermitigateorworsenclimatechange.Deforestation,conversionofgrasslandstoarablecroppinganddrainageofwetlandsallcauseemissionofC;

policiesandinternationalactiontominimisethesechangesareurgentlyrequired.SequestrationofCinsoilcancontributetoclimatechangemitigationbuttherealimpactofdifferentoptionsisoftenmisunderstood.SomechangesinmanagementthatarebeneficialforsoilC,increaseemissionsofnitrousoxide（apowerfulgreenhousegas）thuscancellingthebenefit.Researchonsoilphysicalprocessesandtheirinteractionswithrootscanleadtoimprovedandnovelpracticestoimprovecropaccesstowaterandnutrients.Increasedunderstandingofrootfunctionhasimplicationsforselectionandbreedingofcropstomaximisecaptureofwaterandnutrients.Rootsarealsoameansofdeliveringnaturalplant-producedchemicalsintosoilwithpotentiallybeneficialimpacts.Theseincludebiocontrolofsoil-bornepestsanddiseasesandinhibitionofthenitrificationprocessinsoil（conversionofammoniumtonitrate）withpossiblebenefitsforimprovednitrogenuseefficiencyanddecreasednitrousoxideemission.Theapplicationofmolecularmethodstostudiesofsoilorganisms,andtheirinteractionswithroots,isprovidingnewunderstandingofsoilecologyandthebasisfornovelpracticalapplications.Policymakersandthoseconcernedwithdevelopmentofmanagementapproachesneedtokeepawatchingbriefonemergingpossibilitiesfromthisfast-movingareaofscience.Nutrientmanagementisakeychallengeforglobalfoodproduction:

thereisanurgentneedtoincreasenutrientavailabilitytocropsgrownbysmallholderfarmersindevelopingcountries.Manychangesinpracticesincludinginter-cropping,inclusionofnitrogen-fixingcrops,agroforestryandimprovedrecyclinghavebeenclearlydemonstratedtobebeneficial:

facilitatingpoliciesandpracticalstrategiesareneededtomakethesewidelyavailable,takingaccountoflocaleconomicandsocialconditions.Inthelongertermfertilizerswillbeessentialforfoodsecurity:

policiesandactionsareneededtomaketheseavailableandaffordabletosmallfarmers.Indevelopedregions,andthosedevelopingrapidlysuchasChina,strategiesandpoliciestomanagemorepreciselythenecessarilylargeflowsofnutrientsinwaysthatminimiseenvironmentaldamageareessential.Aspecificissueistominimiseemissionsofnitrousoxidewhilstensuringsufficientnitrogenisavailableforadequatefoodproduction.Applicationofknownstrategies（througheitherregulationoreducation）,technologicaldevelopments,andcontinuedresearchtoimproveunderstandingofbasicprocesseswillallplayapart.Decreasingsoilerosionisessential,bothtomaintainthesoilresourceandtominimisedownstreamdamagesuchassedimentationofriverswithadverseimpactsonfisheries.Practicalstrategiesarewellknownbutoftenhavefinancialimplicationsforfarmers.Examplesofsystemsforpayingonegroupoflandusersforecosystemservicesaffectingothersexistinseveralpartsoftheworldandserveasamodel.

Introduction

Managingorganiccarboninsoil

Soilcarbon–quantity,structureandsoilfunctions

Soilcarbonandtheglobalcarboncycle

Emergingtopicsforresearchoraction

Optimisingsoilphysicalconditionsforcropgrowthinarangeofenvironments

Wateravailabilitytocropsandthephenomenonof“strongsoils”

Organicmatterandsoilphysicalproperties

Managingnutrientsindiverseenvironmentsandcroppingsystems

Situationsofnutrientshortage

Situationswithadequateorexcessnutrients

Understandingandoptimisingsoilbiologicalprocesses

Soilbiologicalprocessesandpopulations

Diversity-functionrelationships

Opportunitiesfromnewmethodologies

Root–soilinteractions

Releaseofcarboncompounds

Structureformation

Nutrientsintherhizosphere

Managementoftherhizosphere

Minimisingsoilerosionfromagriculturalland

Possiblebeneficialimpactsofbiocharonsoilpropertiesandcropgrowth

Developingpracticesandpolicies

Researchhighlights

►Wereviewsoilissuesrelevanttoglobalfoodsecurityandecosystemfunctioning.►Wesuggestactionsforeachissueincludingpolicies,communicationorresearch.►Organicmattercontentisessentialforimprovingmanysoilphysicalproperties.►Policiestomakefertilizersaffordableindevelopingcountriesareessential.►Practicestocutgreenhousegasemissionsfromintensifiedagricultureareneeded.

271

Under-representationofwomenandethnicminoritiesinvascularsurgeryrandomizedcontrolledtrials 

JournalofVascularSurgery,Volume50,Issue2,August2009,Pages349-354

AndrewW.Hoel,AhmedKayssi,SomaBrahmanandam,MichaelBelkin,MichaelS.Conte,LouisL.Nguyen

Supplementarycontent

Objectives

Genderandethnicityarefactorsaffectingtheincidenceandseverityofvasculardiseaseaswellassubsequenttreatmentoutcomes.Althoughwellstudiedinotherfields,balancedenrollmentofpatientswithrelevantdemographicchar