Unit 4Book 4Word文档格式.docx

Unit 4Book 4Word文档格式.docx

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Ticketinspector!

Idon’tunderstand

They’regonnahavetointroduceconscription（征兵）

They’regonnahavetotakeawaymyprescriptions

Iftheywanttogetmemakingtoys

Iftheywanttogetme,I’vegotnochoice

Career

Careeropportunitiesaretheonesthatneverknock

Oh,no

2.DifficultSentences

1）（LL6~9）Inasocietywhereslaveryinthestrictsensehasbeen

abolished,whetherwhatamandoeshassocialvaluedependsonwhetherheispaidmoneytodoit,butalabourertodaycanrightlybecalledawageslave.

Whydoestheauthorcallalabourerawageslave?

（=Theauthorcallsalabourerawageslavebecausealabourer’ssocialvaluedependsonthemoneyheispaid.Toalabourer,thejobthatsocietyoffershimisofnointeresttohim.Heiscompelledtotakeitbecausehehastoearnalivingandsupporthisfamily.）

Whatistheimpliedmeaningofthissentence?

（=Justlikeslavesinthepast,labourersarecompelledtodojobsthattheydon’treallyenjoy.Asaresult,theonlydifferencebetweenalabourerandaslaveisthatoneispaidwhiletheotherisnot.）

2）（LL17~20）Amanisaworkerifheispersonallyinterestedinthejobwhichsocietypayshimtodo;

whatfromthepointofviewofsocietyisnecessarylabourisfromhisownpointofviewvoluntaryplay.

Whatdoes“voluntaryplay”meaninthiscontext?

（=“Voluntaryplay”inthecontextmeansthejoboneenjoysdoing.）

3）（LL22~25）Thedifferencedoesnot,forexample,coincidewiththedifferencebetweenamanualandamentaljob;

agardeneroracobblermaybeaworker,abankclerkalabourer.

Whatcanweinferfromthissentence?

（=Accordingtotheauthor,whetheroneisaworkeroralabourerdoesnotdependonthekindofjobheorshedoesbutonwhetherheorshereallyenjoysdoingthejob.Therefore,agardeneroracobblermaybeaworkerifheisinterestedinhisjob,whileabankclerkisalabourerifheisboredwithhisjob.）

4）（LL28~30）Heisthereforemorelikelytotaketoolittleleisurethantoomuch;

workersdieofheartattacksandforgettheirwives’birthdays.

Whyisaworkerlikelytotaketoolittleleisure?

（=Becausetoaworker,leisuremeanssimplythetimeheneedstorelaxandrestinordertoworkmoreefficiently.）

TranslatethissentenceintoChinese.

（＝所以，他可能只有少量的闲暇，而不会有大量的空闲。

工作者可能会死于心脏病，并会忘记自己妻子的生日。

）

5）（LL44~47）Itisalreadypossibletoimagineasocietyinwhichthemajorityofthepopulation,thatistosay,itslabourers,willhavealmostasmuchleisureasinearliertimeswasenjoyedbythearistocracy.

Paraphrasethissentence.

（=Wecanalreadyimagineaworldwherethemajorityoftheworkforcehaveasmuchleisuretimeastheupperclassesusedtohaveinthepast.）

（＝已经可以想象出这样一个社会：

其人口的大多数，也就是其中的劳动者们，将会享受到早期贵族们才能享受到的几乎同样多的休闲。

6）（LL47~49）Whenonerecallshowaristocraciesinthepastactuallybehaved,theprospectisnotcheerful.

Whatdoesthissentenceimply?

（=Iftoday’slabourerswhohavealmostasmuchleisuretimeasaristocraciesinthepast,shouldkilltheirtimebyindulgingindangerousandmeaninglessactivities,itwouldhaveagreatnegativeimpactonsociety.Withsuchaprospectinmind,onecannotbutfeelworried.）

7）（LL49~51）Indeed,theproblemofdealingwithboredommaybeevenmoredifficultforsuchafuturemasssocietythanitwasforaristocracies.

（=的确，在未来这样一个大众社会里，人们要解决“无聊”这个问题，也许比过去的贵族们要困难得多。

8）（LL53~55）Themassesaremorelikelytoreplaceanunchangingritualbyfashionwhichchangesasoftenaspossibleintheeconomicinterestofcertainpeople.

（=Unlikethearistocracy,ordinarypeoplespendtoomuchleisuretimefollowingfashionsthatchangefrequentlyintheeconomicinterestofcertainpeople.）

9）（LL57~60）Forotheraristocraticamusementslikegambling,dueling,andwarfare,itmaybeonlytooeasytofindequivalentsindangerousdriving,drug-taking,andsenselessactsofviolence.

（=Unlikearistocracies,labourerscannotaffordactivitieslikegambling,dueling,andwarfare,yettheymayeasilyfindsimilaramusementsavailableinthemodernsocietybyspendingtheirexcessiveleisuretimeindrivingdangerously,takingdrugs,orcommittingsenselessactsofviolence.）

10）（LL60~63）Workersseldomcommitactsofviolence,becausetheycanputtheiraggressionintotheirwork,beitphysicalliketheworkofasmith,ormentalliketheworkofascientistoranartist.

Whydoyouthinkworkerscanputtheiraggressionintotheirwork?

（=Workersusuallyenjoywhattheyaredoing,sotheyarewillingtospendmostoftheirtimeandenergyontheirjobs.Astheyarebentontheirwork,theaggressivenessinsidethemselves,ifany,wouldnaturallyturnintothemotivationanddeterminationtodotheirjobswell.）

（=工作者很少从事暴力活动，他们可以把自己的“敌对心理”用在工作上，不管是工匠的体力活，还是科学家、艺术家的脑力活。

3.WordsandExpressions

1）（L2）define:

vt.state,showorexplainclearly

*Newtimesdefinenewchallenges.

*PleaselistencarefullywhileIdefineyourduties.

*Whenboundariesbetweencountriesarenotclearlydefined,thereisusuallytrouble.

把“幸福”界定为“拥有很多钱”是错误的。

（=It'

swrongtodefine“happiness”as“owinglotsofmoney”.）

2）（L4）compel:

vt.

1.forceoroblige

*Youcancompelobedience,butnotaffection.

*Youcannotcompelgoodworkfromunwillingstudents.

Aparentmaycompelhischildtodohislessonsbythreateningtosuspendhisallowance.

2.inspire

*Herintelligenceandskillcompeluniversaladmiration.

cf.compel,force,constrain,&

oblige

这些动词均含“迫使”之意。

compel指在法律、权力、力量或行动等的驱使下被迫而为。

force指用个人意志、权力、权威或暴力等，迫使他人改变看法或做本不愿做的事。

constrain侧重施加约束力或有约束作用的影响，也指环境对人强加的影响迫使人去做某事，尤指受良心、情感等内在力量驱使去做某事。

oblige指由于生理上或道德上的需要，促使某人做某事，也指有权威的人或机构迫使某人做某事，还可指在特定情况下被迫做出的反应。

（Directions:

）Fillintheblankswiththewordsabove.Changetheformwherenecessary.

1.Hefelt_______toleaveaftersuchanunpleasantquarrel.（=obliged）

2.Wealthisapowerusurpedbythefew,to_______themanytolabourfortheirbenefit.（=compel）

3.I’mbytheneedtocareformymother.（=constrained）

4.Survivorsofthegasexplosionaremuch_______tothepublicfortheirconcernanddonations.（=obliged）

5.Theythechildintoobedience.（=forced）

3）（L6）inthestrictsense:

inthemostlimitedmeaning

*Inthestrictsense,itisnotapieceofclassicalmusic.

*Inthestrictsense,thehelp-the-poorprogramwasputforwardandonalargescaleonlyaftertheinitiationofthereformandopening-up.

Collocations:

inasense在某种意义上

intheliteralsense就字面上而言

inthefullsense就全面的角度而言

inthebroadsense从广义的角度而言

4）（L7）abolish:

vt.bringtoanendbylaw;

stop

*SlaverywasabolishedinEnglandinthe19thcentury.

Moderneducatorshaveforthemostpartabolishedcorporalpunishment.

Formanholdsinhismortalhandsthepowertoabolishallformsofhumanpovertyandallformsofhumanlife.

*我们应该废止种族隔离一事愈来愈受到重视。

（=Thereisgrowingrecognitionthatweshouldabolishsegregation.）

cf.abolish,cancel&

repeal

这些动词均含“取消、废除”之意

abolish正式用词，指彻底废除某种制度、规章或习俗。

例如：

Inmyopinion,suchcorruptpracticesshouldbeabolished.

依我看，这些陋习应当废除。

cancel用法广泛，多指取消债务、合同、证书、比赛、旅行、计划或约会等。

Ifitrains,letourengagementbecancelled.

如果下雨，就取消我们的约会吧。

repeal书面用词，指撤销立法机关通过的协议、法案或法律等。

Thelegislationwasrepealedfivemonthslater.

5）（L20）voluntary:

a.actingordonewillingly,withoutbeingforced

*Charitiesrelyonvoluntarydonations.

*Shedoesvoluntarysocialwork.

*Collocations:

voluntaryclinic免费诊所

*voluntarycoordination自发性协调

*voluntaryassociation自愿结合

*voluntaryagreement无偿协议

voluntarylabour义务劳动

voluntaryagency志愿机构，志愿团体

voluntaryassistance义务援助

voluntarycontribution自愿捐款

6）（L21）classify:

vt.arrangeinclassesorgroups

*Whalesareclassifiedasmammals,notfish.

*Weusuallyclassifytypesofcharacterasgoodorbad.

人们将油腻的薯条、洋芋片以及汉堡归类为垃圾食物。

（=PeopleclassifygreasyFrenchfries,potatochipsandhamburgersasjunkfood.）

Localgovernmentisactivelytakingmeasurestocollect,classifyanddisposeofgarbageleftinscenicspotstopreventpollution.

cf.organize,categorize,classify&

sort

这些动词均含“按一定规则加以组织、分类”之意。

organize指按计划或需要把人或物安排组织成一个整体。

categorize强调贴标签于某物上并将其分类，或分列入目录中。

classify指按照事物类型、质量或相似点进行分类。

sort通常指根据类型或分类进行挑选。

1.Thebooksinthelibraryare_______tosubjects.（=classified）

2.Please_______outthethingsyouwanttokeepandthroweverythingelseaway.（=sort）

3.Shewasthefirsttotheworkinthisway.（=organize）

4.Hewasasatrouble-maker.（=categorized）

5.Naturalresourcescanbeasrenewableandnonrenewableones.（=classified）

7）（L22）undertake:

vt.makeoneselfresponsiblefor;

agree;