美国20世纪小说+福克纳+海明威+A rose for emilyWord下载.docx

美国20世纪小说+福克纳+海明威+A rose for emilyWord下载.docx

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TheLostGeneration:

AnameappliedtothedisillusionedintellectualsandaesthetesoftheyearsfollowingWorldWarI,whorebelledagainstformerideasandvaluesbutcouldreplacethemonlywithdespairorcynicalhedonism.TheremarkofGertrudeStein,“Youareallalostgeneration,”addressedtoHemingway,wasusedasaprefacetothelatter’snovel,TheSunAlsoRises,whichbrilliantlydescribesanexpatriategrouptypicalofthe“lostgeneration”.OtherexpatriateAmericanauthorsoftheperiodtowhomthetermisgenerallyappliedincludeMalcolmCowley,E.E.Cummings,F.ScottFitzgerald,ArchibaldMacLeish,andEzraPound.

TheJazzAge:

Anepithetapplied,ofteninvidiously,totheeraofthe1920sintheU.S.,whosefreneticyouthofthepostwarperiodwereconceivedasmorejuvenileandhedonisticthanthecontemporary‘lostgeneration”ofexpatriates.F.ScottFitzgerald’sTalesoftheJazzAge（1922）wasaclassicrepresentationoftheperiod,aswasPercyMark’sThePlasticAge（1924）.ThemannersofthetimeswerealsodepictedinthecaricaturesofJohnHeld.Treatmentsofjazzmusic,asdistinctfromthejazz-ageethos,occurinmanyworks,includingVachelLindsay’spoem,TheDanielJazz（1920）andDorothyBaker’snovelYoungManwithaHorn.

Impressionism:

ThetermveryprobablyderivesfromClaudeMonet’spaintingImpression:

SoleilLevant（firstexhibitedinParisin1874）.TheImpressionistswereaschoolofpainterswhowereparticularlyconcernedwiththetransitoryeffectsoflight,andtheywishedtodepictthefleetingimpressionfromasubjectivepointofview.Theywerenotinterestedinpreciserepresentation;

theresultingimpressiondependedonthereceptionofthespectator.Inliterarycriticism,impressionistandimpressionismarevagueterms.Frenchsymbolistpoetshavebeencalledimpressionists;

sohaveEnglishpoetslikeOscarWildeandArthurSymons.Thetermimpressionismhasalsobeenusedtodescribethenovelist’stechniqueofconcentratingontheinnerlifeofthemaincharacterratherthanonexternalreality.AbundantexamplesofthistechniquearetobefoundintheworkofJamesJoyce,MarcelProust,DorothyRichardsonandVirginiaWoolf.

Expressionism:

Amovementaffectingpainting,thedrama,thenovel,andpoetry,whichfollowedandwentbeyondimpressionisminitseffortsto“objectifyinnerexperience.”Fundamentallyitmeansthewillingyieldingupoftherealisticandnaturalisticmethods,ofverisimilitudes,inordertouseexternalobjectsinartnotasrepresentationalbutastransmittersoftheinternalimpressionsandmoodsofacharacteroroftheartist.Itwasstrongestinthetheatreinthe1920s.EugeneO’Neill’sEmperorJonesistherepresentativeworkwhichattemptstoprojectbysymbolicscenesandsoundeffectstheracialmemoriesofamodemNegro.Inthenovel,thepresentationoftheobjectiveouterworldasitexpressesitselfintheimpressionsormoodsofacharacterisadevicewidelyused.Therevoltagainstrealism,thedistortionoftheobjectsoftheouterworld,andtheviolentdislocationoftimesequenceandspatiallogicinanefforttoaccuratelybutnotrepresentationallyshowtheworldasitappearstoatroubledmindcanbefoundinmodernpoetry,particularlythatofT.S.Eliot.

Imagists:

AgroupofEnglishandAmericanpoetswritingfrom1909toabout1917,whowereunitedbytheirrevoltagainsttheexuberantimageryanddiffusesentimentalityof19thcenturypoetry.Influencedbyclassicism,byChineseandJapanesepoetry,andbytheFrenchsymbolists,theimagistsstatedthatpoeticideasarebestexpressedbytheactualrenderingofconcreteimageswithoutsuperfluouscommentary.Theyheldthepoetmustembodyhisfeelingsinspecificphysicalanalogiesthatexactlyconveyhismeaning.Hemustproduceahard,clear,concentratedpoetry,freeofstiltedandartificialvocabulary,meter,andimagery.EzraPound,asheadofthegroup,editedtheanthologyDesImagistes（1914）andgainedcontroloftheEgoist（1913-1919）,whichbecametheprincipleimagistjournal.Poundsoonleftimagismforotherartisticandpoliticalcauses,butimagismcontinuedtoflourish,throughtheeffortsofRichardAldington,HildaDoolittle,D.H.Lawrence,andJohnGouldFletcher.JamesJoycepublishedinthreeimagistanthologies（1915,1916,1917）.Initsrevivaloftheclarityandconcisenessofclassicalpoetryandinitgeneralliberatingeffectonliterature,imagismhasbeenanimportantinfluenceon20th-centurypoetry.

StreamofConsciousness:

Inliterature,techniquethatrecordsthemultifariousthoughtsandfeelingsofacharacterwithoutregardtologicalargumentornarrativesequence.Thewriterattemptsbythestreamofconsciousnesstoreflectalltheforces,externalandinternal,influencingthepsychologyofacharacteratasinglemoment.ThetechniquewasfirstemployedbyedouaDujardin（1861-1949）inhisnovelLesLaurierssontcoupes（1888）andwassubsequentlyusedbysuchnotablewritersasJamesJoyce,VirginiaWoolf,andWilliamFaulkner.Thephrase“streamofconsciousness”toindicatetheflowofinnerexperiencewasfirstusedbyWilliamJamesinPrinciplesofPsychology（1890）.

ErnestHemingway（1899—1961）

OnJuly21,1899,ErnestHemingwaywasborninawell-to-dofamilyinOakPark,Illinois.Hisfather,asuccessfulphysician,enjoyedhuntingandfishing.Goingoutfrequentlywithhisfather,Hemingwaydevelopedawayoflifeandofdeath,andlearnedsuchvirtuesascourageandendurance.Thoughhehadpoorvisionfromchildhood,Hemingwaywasgoodatsports.Hewasanexcellentfootballplayer,aboxer,afisherman,andagoodbullfighter.Inschoolhewasalsoanoutstandingstudent.Aftergraduationfromhighschoolin1917,hewenttoworkasareporterfortheKansasCityStar.ThenheplannedtobeasoldierinWorldWarI,butwasrejectedbecauseofhispooreyesight.HethusvolunteeredtodriveaRedCrossambulanceinFrance.Later,duringhisserviceontheItalianfront,hewasseriouslywoundedintheexplosionofamortarshell.HelayinanItalianhospitalfor6months,duringwhichhehadanunsuccessfulromancewithanurse.Thenhewenthomeasadecoratedhero,buthewasn’thappy.Hefeltlonelyandestrangedfromhisfamily.

In1920HemingwaymarriedHadleyRichardsonandwithherwenttoParis,which,afterthewar,wasaparadiseforexpatriateartisticandliteraryAmericans.HemingwaymetandmadefriendstherewithGertrudeStein,T.S.Eliot,JamesJoyce,SherwoodAnderson,EzraPound,andF.ScottFitzgerald.ItwasinParisthatHemingwaydevelopedhisownliterarystyleandlanguage:

tersebuttothepoint.

In1926,HemingwaypublishedTheSunAlsoRises,whichwasatremendoussuccess.HemingwaybecamethespokesmanforwhatGertrudeSteincalled“alostgeneration”.Inthenovel,asexuallyimpotentveteranofWorldWarI,JakeBarnes,relatesthestoryofagroupofEnglishandAmericanexpatriatesinParis,whoseemptysearchforsensationisjuxtaposedwiththerichtraditionofpeasantlifeinSpain.Fortheseexpatriates,livingwithdignityandgraceistheonlythingtheycando.

In1927HemingwaybroughtoutMenwithoutWomen,acollectionofstories.Hissecondnovel,AFarewelltoArms,appearedin1929.Itisaboutbothloveandwar.TheromancebetweenFrederickHenry,anAmericanarmyofficer,andCatherineBarkey,aBritishnurseendsintheheroine’sdeathinchildbirth.Deathanddestructionseemtobethethemesoflife.HemingwayalsoproducedDeathintheAfternoon（1932）,abookaboutbullfighting,andTheGreenHillsofAfrica,abookabouthunting,whichwasprintedin1935afterhishuntingexpeditiontoAfrica.

WhentheSpanishCivilWarbrokeout,Hemingwaywentthereasacorrespondent.TheexperienceprovidedinvaluablematerialforhisForWhomtheBellTolls,whichappearedin1940.Itwasanimmediatesuccess.Triumphandconfidencewipedoutmanyyears’anger,bitternessandfrustration.Twinplotsinterweavethestory:

thedynamitingofabridgebyaguerillagroup,andtheloveaffairbetweenanAmericanpartisanandagirlinthegroup.Thehero’sfearlessnessbeforedeathrestatesHemingway’sheroiccodeofgraceunderpressure.In1940,Hemingwaymarriedapolitical-mindedyoungjournalistnamedMarthaGellhornafterdivorcinghissecondwife.

WhenWorldWarIIbrokeout,Hemingwayplungedhimselfinitasawarcorrespondentandwascitedforbravery.In1944,hehadhisfourthmarriageinCuba.Thelifehereprovedtobefruitful,forin1952hepublishedanothermasterpiece,TheOldManandtheSea,whichrestoredhisformerliteraryimage.His“masteryoftheartofmodemnarration”madehimtheNobelPrizeWinnerin1954.ButHemingway’slaterlifewasgloomy.Poorhealth,delusion,depression,anxietyanddeclineinhisgeniusforwritingfinallyledthemantocommitsuicideonSundaymorning,July2,1961withthesamedouble-barreledshotgunhisfatherhadusedwhencommittingsuicide.Withhisdeath,aneraalsocametoanend.

Hemingway’sliterarystatusismadesecurebyTheSunAlsoRises,AFarewelltoArms,ForWhomtheBellTolls,TheOldManandtheSeaandadozenoffirst-rateshortstories:

TheKillersandTheSnowsofKilimanjaro,tonamejustafew.HeisnowwidelyrecognizedasoneofthemostimportantandinfluentialAmericannovelistsofthetwentiethcentury.Hisnegative,naturalisticviewoftheworldandlifemakeshimessentiallyanegativewriter.Life,forHemingway,isfullofbattlesandtension.Destructionanddeatharehumanbeings’fate.Butifyoukeepcalmandstandonyour“codeofhonor”,youmaywingraceanddignity.Thus,“graceunderpressure”bestembodiesHemingway,thetoughguywhosurvivednumerousinjuriesandtwo