资料说明文汇总共34篇Word格式文档下载.docx
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Anout-of-workprospectornamedGeorgeHarrisonlaunchedSouthAfricaintothegoldagein1886whenhediscoveredthemetalonafarmnearwhatisnowJohannesburg.Harrisonwasgivena£
12rewardbythefarmer.Hethendisappearedandreportedlywaseatenbyalion.
Historically,thedesiretohoardgoldathomehasbeenprimarilyanoccupationoftheworkingandpeasantclasses,whohavenofaithinpapermoney.GeorgeBernardShawdefendedtheirinstinctseloquently:
‘Youhavetochoosebetweentrustingtothenaturalstabilityofgoldandthenaturalstabilityofthehonestyandintelligenceofthemembersofthegovernment’,hesaid,‘andwithduerespecttothesegentlemen,Iadviseyou...tovoteforgold.’
1.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatduringthedaysofthegold-rushinCalifornia________.
(A)peoplehadtomarkouttheirgoldclaimswitharope
(B)peoplecarriedropesinsteadofguns
(C)hangingwasacommonformofpunishment
(D)theropewasthesymboloflawandorder
2.Oneoftheproblemswithgoldisthat________.
(A)itlosesitsshapetooeasily
(B)itchangesthehumancharacters
(C)itentailsdangertotheminers
(D)itcostsmoneytoproduce.
3.Accordingtothepassage,goldhasalwaysbeenconsideredapreciousmetalmainlybecause________.
(A)moneyismadeofit
(B)itisrare
(C)asmallquantitygoesalongway
(D)ithasreligioussignificance
4.Afterthebiggolddiscoveriesinthelatenineteenthcentury________.
(A)thetradingnationsadoptedthegoldstandard
(B)thetradingnationswereunabletogetenoughgold
(C)goldcoinswereusedbymostnations
(D)goldwasconsideredtobeakindofpreciousmetal
5.GeorgeBernardShawthoughtthat________.
(A)themembersofthegovernmentwerehonestandintelligent
(B)thevalueofgoldwaslikelytochangeunexpectedly
(C)goldwasmorevaluablethanpapermoney
(D)onecouldplacemorefaithingoldthaninpoliticians
Passage2(0809)Earth
Letustakeabrieflookattheplanetonwhichwelive.AsEarthhurtlesthroughspaceataspeedof70,000milesanhour,itspins,asweallknow,onitsaxis,whichcausesittobeflattenedatthePoles.ThusifyouweretostandatsealevelattheNorthorSouthPoleyouwouldbe13milesnearerthecentreoftheearththanifyoustoodontheEquator.
Theearthismadeupofthreemajorlayers—acentralcore,probablymetallic,some4000milesacross,asurroundinglayerofcompressedrock,andtotopitallaverythinskinofsofterrock,onlyabout20to40milesthick—-that’saboutasthinastheskinofanapple,talkinginrelativeterms.
Thepressureonthecentralcoreisunimaginable.Ithasbeencalculatedthatatthecentreitis60millionpoundstothesquareinch,andthisatatemperatureofperhaps10,000degreesFahrenheit.Theearth’sinterior,therefore,wouldseemtobeofliquidmetal—andevidenceforthisisgivenbythebehaviourofearthquakes.
Whenanearthquakeoccurs,shockwavesradiatefromthecentrejustaswavesradiateoutwardsfromthepointwhereastonedropsintoapond.Andthesewavespulsatethroughtheearth’svariouslayers.Somewavesdescendverticallyandpassrightthroughtheearth,providingevidencefortheexistenceofthecoreandanindicationthatitisfluidratherthansolid.Thus,withtheirsensitiveinstruments,thescientistswhostudyearthquakes,theseismologists,canineffectX-raytheearth.
Icelandisoneofthemostactivevolcanicregionsoftheworld.AnditwastoIcelandthatJulesVernesenttheheroofhisbookAJourneytotheCentreoftheEarth.Thisintrepidexplorerclambereddowntheopeningofanextinctvolcanoandfolloweditswindingsuntilhereachedtheearth’score.Therehefoundgreatoceans,andcontinentswithvegetation.Thisconceptionofahollowearthwenowknowtobefalse.Inthe100yearssinceJulesVernepublishedhisbook,thescienceofvulcanology,asitiscalled,hasmadegreatstrides.Butevensothedeepestmanhasyetpenetratedisabout10,000feet.Thishole,theRobinsonDeepmineinSouthAfrica,barelyscratchesthesurface;
sogreatistheheatat10,000feetthatwereitnotforanelaborateair-conditioningsystem,theminersworkingtherewouldberoasted.Oilboringsdownto20,000feethaveshownthatthedeepertheygo,thehotteritbecomes.
Thetemperatureoftheearthatthecentreisestimatedtobeanythingbetween3,000and11,000degreesFahrenheit.Somescientistsbelievethatthistremendousheatiscausedbythebreaking-downofradio-activeelements,whichreleaselargeamountsofenergyandcompensateforthelossofheatfromtheearth’ssurface.Ifthistheoryiscorrect,thenwearealllivingontopofanaturalatomicpowerhouse.
6.Theouterlayeroftheearthiscomparedtotheskinofanapplebecause________.
(A)itisabout20to40milesthick
(B)itisthininproportiontotheearth’smass
(C)itissofterthanthecentralcore
(D)itisthinnerthanthesurroundinglayer
7.Whichofthefollowingcannotexplainwhytheinterioroftheearthisfluid?
(A)Thereisgreatpressureatthecentre.
(B)Earthquakewavescanmovevertically.
(C)Theouterlayerismadeofrock.
(D)Theheatatthecentreistoogreat.
8.TheRobinsonDeepmineinSouthAfricais________.
(A)toodeeptoworkin
(B)toohottoworkin
(C)closetothecentre
(D)stillinuse
9.SincethepublicationofJulesVerne’sbookithasbeenprovedthat________.
(A)thecentreoftheearthisnothollow
(B)oilboringscannotgodeeperthan20,000feet
(C)thereareactivevolcanicregionsatthecentre
(D)theearthisnotindangerofexploding
10.Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?
(A)TheEarthquake.
(B)TheUnderworld.
(C)TheVolcanicRegions.
(D)TheGreatOceans.
Passage3(0809)Alexandertechnique
ManypeoplewillhaveheardoftheAlexandertechniquebuthaveonlyavagueideawhatitisabout.Untilearlierthisyear,Ididn’thavethefaintestideaaboutit.But,hunchedoveracomputerscreenoneday,Inoticedthattheneck-andbackacheIregularlysufferedweremorepainfulthanusual.Iconsultedadoctor,whosaid:
"
Icantreatthesymptomsbymassagingyourneckandupperback.Butyouactuallyhavebadposture.Thatiswhatyouneedtogetsortedout.GooffandlearntheAlexandertechnique."
IhadregularlybeentoldbyfriendsandfamilythatItendtoslouchinchairsbuthadthoughtbadposturewassomethingonewasbornwithandcoulddonothingabout.Thatisnottrue.Dentistsandcarmechanics,amongothers,tendtodevelopbadposturefromleaningoverpatientsorenginebays.Mothersoftenstressandstraintheirnecksandbacksliftingandcarryingchildren,andthoseofuswhositinfrontofcomputersalldayarealmostcertainlynotdoingourbodiesanyfavours.
AfewclicksonthewebandIfoundanAlexandertechniqueteacher,TanyaShoop,inmyareaofsouthLondonandbookedafirstappointment.ThreemonthslaterIamwalkingstraighterandsittingbetter,whilemyneckandbackpainarethingsofthepast.Ifeeltaller,too,whichImaybeimagining,butthetechniquecanincreaseyourheightbyuptofivecentimetersifyouwerebadlyslumpedbeforehand.
Theteachingcentresontheneck,headandback.Ittrainsyoutouseyourbodylessharshlyandtoperformfamiliarmovementsandactionswithlesseffort.Thereisverylittleeffortinthelessonsthemselves,whichsetsaparttheAlexandertechniquefrompilatesoryoga,whichareexercise-based.
Atypicallessoninvolvesstandinginfrontofachairandlearningtositandstandwithminimaleffort.Youspendsometimelyingonabenchwithyourkneesbenttostraightenthespineandrelaxyourbodywhiletheteachermovesyourarmsandlegstotrainyoutomovethemcorrectly.
Thekeyislearningtobreakthebadhabitsaccumulatedoveryears.Try,forexample,foldingyourarmstheoppositewaytonormal.Itfeelsodd,doesn’tit?
Thisisanexampleofahabitthebodyhasformedwhichcanbehardtobreak.Manyofuscarryourheadstoofarbackandtiltedskyward.Thetechniqueteachesyoutoletgoofthemusclesholdingtheheadback,allowingittoresumeitsnaturalplaceonthesu