语法整合归纳文档格式.docx

语法整合归纳文档格式.docx

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“remembertodosth”意为“记住去做……”

“rememberdoingsth”意为“记得做过……”

“regrettodosth”表示“遗憾……”

“regretdoingsth”则表示“后悔……”

“forgettodosth”表示“忘记去做……”

“forgetdoingsth”表示“忘记做了……”

“stoptodosth”表示“停下去做……”

“stopdoingsth”表示“停下做……”

“trytodosth”表示“……努力、企图做某事”

“trydoingsth”表示“试着做，试验、试一试某种办法”

“meantodosth”表示“打算做……”

“meandoingsth”表示“意味做……”

［例１］Remembertothepostofficeandposttheletterformeonyourwaytoschool.

A.goingB.togoC.goneD.go

［例２］IremembermyfathermetothebeachwhenIwasasmallboy.

A.totakeB.takesC.takingD.take

［例３］DoyouremembertoProf.Smithduringyourlastvacation?

A.tobeintroducedB.havingintroduced

C.beingintroducedD.tohaveintroduced

［例４］Iregretyouthatmaterialsyouorderedareoutofstock.

A.tellingB.havingtoldC.totellD.told

［例５］Iregrethardatschool.

A.tohaveworkedB.nothavingworked

C.toworkD.havingnotworked

二、

非谓语动词

１）动词不定式——只能接不定式做宾语的动词有：

decide,hope,learn,manage（打算）,offer,prepare,agree,refuse,fail（未）,pretend,happen（碰巧）,promise,plan（打算，计划）

a）测试作宾语时不定式带补语的结构

这种结构的常用动词有：

find、think、consider、make等，基本句型是：

v.+it+adj+todo

［例］Doyouconsiderwisetoignorehim?

A.itisB.ittobeC.itasbeingD.it

b）不定式在svoc句型中的应用

解题的关键是记住带不定式作宾语补足语的动词，如：

ask、tell、allow、enable、expect、get、require、request、cause、urge、want、force、order等。

［例］Theydon’tallowinthelibrary,buttheyallowpeopleintherestroom.

A.tosmoke…tosmokeB.smoking…smoking

C.tosmoke…smokingD.smoking…tosmoke

c）不定式作定语的用法

（１）与其他非谓语形式或谓语形式的区别

［例］Thequestiontomorrowiswhetherincometaxshouldbeincreased.

A.tobedebatedB.debates

C.debatingD.debated

（２）介词的使用

［例］Theboy’sfatherboughthimalargetoytrain.

A.whichtoplaywithB.toplaywithit

C.toplaywithD.atwhichtoplay

d）不定式的时态、语态

不定式完成时表示不定式动作发生在主句谓语动作之前，不定式被动语态表示不定式的逻辑主语是其动作的承受者，besoory、beglad、seem或say、find、hear、report等动词的被动语态后加不定式完成时态较为常见。

［例１］Thenewpowerstationisreportedwithinthreeyears.

A.tohavecompletedB.tohavebeencompleted

C.havingbeencompletedD.tocomplete

［例２］Mr.Johnsonpreferredheavierworktodo.

A.tobegivenB.tobegiving

C.tohavegivenD.havinggiven

e）不定式作状语

［例１］Ｔhepoliceinspectorspoketothelittlegirlkindlther.

A.nottofrightenB.inordertonotfrighten

C.soasnottofrightenD.sonotastofrighten

［例２］Hemovedawayfromhisparents,andmissedthem_____enjoytheexcitinglifeinNewYork.

A.toomuchtoB.enoughto

C.verymuchtoD.muchsoasto

２）动名词

a）只能接动名词做宾语的动词有：

miss,mind,enjoy,suggest,practise,persist,quit,admit,appreciate,deny,escape,complete,fulfil,acknowledge,favour,delay,postpone,finish,avoid,prevent,recall,recollect,risk,consider

b）只能接动名词的一些常用句型\结构：

It’snogood/use/fun（in）doingsth…

Thereisnoneed/point/use/sense（in）doingsth.

bebusy/beworthdoingsth.

havedifficulty/trouble/problem（in）doingsth…

spend/wastetime（in）doingsth…

can’thelpdoingsth…

confessto,objectto,beopposedto,lookforwardto,contributeto,beusedto,bedevotedto,bededicatedto,leadto,referto,equalto,stickto,belongto,thanksto,beaccustomedtodoingsth

c）既可接动名词又可接动词不定式做宾语的有：

1接动词不定式和动名词作宾语而意义差别不大的动词：

love,like,dislike,hate,begin,start,continue,intend,prefer,propose,etc.

2可跟动词不定式和动名词作宾语但意义有差别的动词：

歧义动词中已讲。

3need,want,require,deserve+动名词／＋不定式被动态，表被动意义。

Thepencilneedssharpening.（tobesharpened）

［例１］Jeandidnothavetimetogototheconcertlastnightbecauseshewasbusyforherexamination.

A.toprepareB.preparing

C.tobepreparedD.beingprepared

［例２］Iappreciatetoyourhome.

A.tobeinvitedB.tohaveinvited

C.havinginvitedD.beinginvited

［例３］Ihadtopostponetohisplantoalaterdate.

A.melisteningB.myselflistening

C.mylisteningD.minelistening

３）分词

及物动词write

不及物动词go

主动词态

被动词态

现在分词

一般式

writing

beingwritten

going

完成式

havingwritten

havingbeenwritten

havinggone

过去分词

written

gone

a）现在分词和过去分词的区别：

eg:

Seeingthesephotos,IcouldnothelpthinkingofmychildhooddaysinLosAngeles.

Notknowingwhattodo,shewenttothegodfatherforhelp.

Frustrated,hewentbacktohishometown.

B）分词作状语

1分词和分词短语作状语时，表示时间、原因、条件、让步、和伴随情况，在表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式时，通常可以换为相应的状语从句，表示方式和伴随情况时可以转换成一个并列的谓语成分。

Seeingtheteacherenteringtoroom,thestudentsstoodup.（Whenthestudentssawtheteacherenteringtheroom,theystoodup.）

Heated,icewillbechangedintowater.（Whenitisheated,icewillbechangedintowater.）

2分词作状语与主语的关系

▲现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作，它们之间的关系是主动关系。

Notknowingwhattodo,hewenttohisparentsforhelp.

▲过去分词作状语时，过去分词表示的动作是句子主语的承受的动作，它们之间的关系是被动关系。

Givemoreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.

▲分词作状语时前面可用连词if,while,when,once,unless等引导的状语从句，若其主语与主句的主语相同时，可保留该连词，其余部分则简化为分词短语，相当于省略的状语从句。

Iffallingill,I’llseemydoctor.

Eventhoughgiveneveryopportunity,theywouldnottry.

［例１］withthesizeofthewholeearth,thehighestmountaindoesn’tseemhighatall.

A.WhencomparedB.Compare

C.WhilecomparingD.Comparing

［例２］neglectingoureducation,myfathersentmybrotherandmetoasummerschool.

Ａ.AccusedofB.Thathewasaccusedof

C.AccusingofD.Tobeaccusedof

另外，独立分词结构作状语也是十分常见的测试项目，常见题型有二种：

①句子开头为“名词或代词＋”，或“with＋名词或代词＋”，

［例１］Ａnewtechnique,theyieldsasawholeincreasedby20percent.

A.workingoutB.havingworkedout

C.havingbeenworkedoutD.tohaveworkedout

［例２］Withtheguidetheway,wesetoffonfootintothedarknight.

A.leadingB.ledC.toleadD.leads

3题句开头逗号前全部空缺，四个选择项中包括独立结构、简单句，解题时可以直接排队选择项中的简单句，然后根据分词与逻辑主语之间的关系确定分词的正确形式。

［例］,thenextproblemwashowtomakeagoodplan.

A.ThedecisionhavingmadeB.Thedecisionhadbeenmade

C.ThedecisionwasmadeD.Thedecisionhavingbeenmade

c）分词做定语

［例］Someofthequestionsthestudentswereverydifficulttoanswer.

A.raisedbyB.raisingby

C.toberaisedbyD.hadbeenraisedby

Theshowerbeingover,wecontinued…

三、

情态动词

１、情态动词的完成式

１）musthavedone——表示对过去的事情较有把握的、肯定性的推测，常译为“一定，准是，肯定”，其否定形式是can’t/couldn’thavedone，意为“决不可能，不太可能”。

e.g.Sincetheditchisfullofwater,itmusthaverainedlastnight.

２）should/oughttohavedone——表示过去应该做的却没有做，常含有后悔、责备、埋怨的口吻，意为“本应该……”，“应该……就好了”；

e.g.Withalltheworkfinished,Ishouldhavegonetoyourbirthdaypartylastnight.

３）shouldn’t/oughtnottohavedone——表示过去不该做的事却给做了，也常含有责备、不满之意，意为“本不该……”。

e.g.Youshouldn’thavegonebacktoworkyesterdaywithoutthedoctor’spermission.

４）may/mighthavedone——表示对过去的事情的推测，但不十分有把握，意为“可能，或许已经……”。

e.g.Atrafficaccidenthappenedyesterdayandadrivermayhavebeenhurt.

５）couldhavedone——表示过去有可能或有能力做某事，而实际未做、未能实现的事；

有时也表示轻度批评，意为“本来可以……，完全可以……”。

e.g.Thegasleakagecouldhavebeenavoidedifthegascompanytookimmediatemeasuresafterthewarningcall.

６）needn’thavedone——表示过去做了某事，但没有做的必要，意为“其实没有必要……”。

e.g.Ineedn’thaveboughtallthatwine——onlythreepeoplecame.

２、可作情态动词用的短语

wouldrather,wouldsooner,would（just）assoon,hadrather,hadbetter,hadsooner,cannotbut,may/mightaswell

［例１］Youallthosecalculations!

Wehaveacomputertodothatsortofthing.

A.needn’thavedoneB.mustnothavedone

C.shouldn’thavedoneD.can’thavedone

［例２］Itohimbecausehephonedmeshortlyafterwards.

A.oughttohavewrittenB.musthavewritten

C.couldn’thavewrittenD.needn’thavewritten

［例３］Youthoseletters.Whydidn’tyou?

A.shouldpostB.musthaveposted

C.shouldhavepostedD.oughttopost

四、比较级

１）倍数的比较结构

［例１］Shedidn’tregretpaying200dollarsforthebookstore.Asamatteroffact,shewould

gladlyhavepaidforit.

A.asmuchtwiceB.muchastwice

C.astwicemuchD.twiceasmuch

［例２］Stayinginahotelisrentingaroominadormitoryforaweek.

A.twicemuchasB.asmuchastwice

C.twiceasmuchasD.asmuchtwiceas

is2.5timesgreaterthanforceN2.

is48timeslargerthanthemoon.

2）连词的选择

［例］It’smoreimportantthatsheshouldbefreesheshouldlivealuxuriouslife,

A.thanB.thatC.morethanD.thanthat

3）比较对象的一致性

［例１］IlikewatchingTVtothecinema.

A.morethantogoB.thangoing

C.morethangoingD.ratherthantogo

［例２］Hissalaryasabusdriverismuchhigherthan.

A.ateacherB.thoseofteacher

C.thatofateacherD.adoctor

4）wouldsooner…than,wouldassoonas（宁可…而不愿）

I’dsooner/ratherresignthantakepartinsuchdishonestdeals.

5）moreofAthanB（与其说像Ｂ，倒不如说更像Ａ）

Thenewcomerismoreofasalesmanthanascholar.新来的人与其说是位学者，不如说是位推

销员。

6）asmuchAasB（不仅Ｂ，也同样Ａ）

Thefaultmaybeasmuchwiththewholesocietyaswiththeyoungpeople.

notsomuchAasB（与其说Ａ，不如说Ｂ）

Theselfishmandidthatnotsomuchforhiswifeasforhimself.

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