20世纪重大工程突破空调与制冷美国国家工程院Donald E RossWord下载.docx

20世纪重大工程突破空调与制冷美国国家工程院Donald E RossWord下载.docx

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airconditioning"

in1906.Sincethencomfortofcoolisnolongerconsideredaluxurybutafactofmodernexistence.

Timeline

●1902ComfortcoolingsysteminstalledattheNewYorkStockExchange

A300-toncomfortcoolingsystemdesignedbyAlfredWolffisinstalledattheNewYorkStockExchange.Usingfreecoolingprovidedbywaste-steam-operatedrefrigerationsystems,Wolff’ssystemfunctionssuccessfullyfor20years.

●1902Firstofficebuildingwithanair-conditioningsysteminstalled

TheArmourBuildinginKansasCity,Missouri,becomesthefirstofficebuildingtoinstallanair-conditioningsystem.Eachroomisindividuallycontrolledwithathermostatthatoperatesdampersintheductwork,makingitalsothefirstofficebuildingtoincorporateindividual"

zone"

controlofseparaterooms.

●1904Aself-containedmechanicalrefrigeratorisdisplayedattheSt.LouisWorld'

sFair

Aself-containedmechanicalrefrigeratorisdisplayedattheSt.LouisWorld'

sFairbyBrunswickRefrigeratingCo.,whichspecializesindesigningsmallrefrigeratorsforresidencesandbutchershops.Theammoniarefrigeratingsystemismountedonthesideofawoodenicebox-typerefrigerator.

ThousandsofattendeesattheWorld'

sFairalsoexperiencethepublicdebutofairconditioningintheMissouriStateBuilding.Thesystemuses35,000cubicfeetofairperminutetocoola1,000-seatauditorium,therotunda,andvariousotherrooms.

●1906Firstofficebuildingspecificallydesignedforairconditioning.

InBuffalo,FrankLloydWright’sLarkinAdministrationBuildingisthefirstofficebuildingspecificallydesignedforairconditioning.Thesystemusessafe,nonflammablecarbondioxideasarefrigerant.

●1906Patentfiledfor"

dewpointcontrol"

system

WillisCarrierfilesforapatentonhis"

system.Carrierhasstudiedthescienceofhumiditycontrolafterdesigningarudimentaryair-conditioningsystemforaBrooklynprintingplantin1902.Thisandsubsequentdesignsallowhimtodeviseaprecisemethodofcontrollinghumidityusingrefrigeratedwatersprays,therebyallowingthemanufactureofair-conditioningsystemstobestandardized.

●1906Firstair-conditionedhospital

BostonFloatingHospitalbecomesthefirstair-conditionedhospital,usingasystemdesignedbyEdwardWilliamstomaintainthehospitalwardsatabout70°

Fwitharelativehumidityof50percent.Thehospital’sfivewardsareindividuallycontrolledbythermostats.Williams’ssystemfeatures"

reheat"

inwhichcooledairisheatedslightlytoloweritshumidity.

●1907Air-conditioningequipmentinstalledindiningandmeetingroomsatCongressHotelinChicago

Air-conditioningequipmentdesignedbyFrederickWittenmeierisinstalledindiningandmeetingroomsatCongressHotelinChicago.ThisisoneofthefirstsystemsdesignedbyWittenmeierforhotelsandmovietheaters.Hisfirm,KroeschellBrothersIceMachineCompany,installshundredsofcoolingplantsintothe1930s.

●1914Air-cooled,electric,self-containedhouseholdrefrigeratingunitismarketed

FredWolf,Jr.,marketsanair-cooled,electric,self-containedhouseholdrefrigeratingunit,theDomelre（DomesticElectricRefrigerator）,inChicago.Thesystemisdesignedtobeplacedontopofanyicebox,operatingautomaticallyusingathermostat.Thefirsthouseholdrefrigeratingsystemtofeatureicecubes,theDomelreusesairtocoolthecondenser,unlikeotherhouseholdrefrigeratorsthatneedtobehookeduptowater.

●1916Flash-freezingsystemforpreservingfoodproductsdeveloped

ClarenceBirdseyebeginsexperimentsinquick-freezing.Birdseyedevelopsaflash-freezingsystemthatmovesfoodproductsthrougharefrigeratingsystemonconveyorbelts.Thiscausesthefoodtobefrozenveryfast,minimizingicecrystals.

●1923Electricallyrefrigeratedicecreamdippingcabinetismarketed

AnelectricallyrefrigeratedicecreamdippingcabinetismarketedbyNizerandshortlyafterbyFrigidaire.Thesecabinetsusearefrigerationsystemtochillalcohol-basedantifreeze,whichsurroundsicecreamcansplacedinwellsinthecabinet.Thealcoholislaterreplacedbysaltbrine.

●1927Gas-firedhouseholdabsorptionrefrigeratorsbecomepopular

Gas-firedhouseholdabsorptionrefrigeratorsthatdonotrequireelectricityaremarketedtoruralareasintheUnitedStates.One,theElectrolux,marketedinSwedensince1925,becomesverypopular.

●1927Firstrefrigeratortobemassproducedwithacompletelysealedrefrigeratingsystem

GeneralElectricintroducesthefirstrefrigeratortobemassproducedwithacompletelysealedrefrigeratingsystem.Nicknamed"

TheMonitorTop"

foritsdistinctiveroundrefrigeratingunit,resemblingthegunturretoftheCivilWarironcladshipMonitor,therefrigeratorisproducedoverthenext10yearsandissoreliablethatthousandsarestillinusetoday.

●1928Chlorofluorocarbon（CFC）refrigerantsaresynthesized

Chlorofluorocarbon（CFC）refrigerantsaresynthesizedforFrigidairebytheGeneralMotorsResearchLabteamofThomasMidgley,AlbertHenne,andRobertMcNary.Announcedpubliclyin1930andtrademarkedasFreon,CFCsarethefirstnontoxicandnonflammablerefrigeratingfluids,makingitpossibleforrefrigeratorsandairconditionerstobeusedwithcompletesafety.

●1929Firstroomcoolergoesonthemarket

Frigidairemarketsthefirstroomcooler.Therefrigerationunit,whichusessulfurdioxiderefrigerantandhasacapacityofoneton（12,000BTUH）,isdesignedtobelocatedoutsidethehouseorinthebasement.

●1930Smallerair-conditioningunitsappearontrains

Withtheadventofthecentrifugalchiller,smallerair-conditioningunitsbecomefeasiblefortrains.In1930theBaltimore&

OhioRailroadtestsaunitdesignedbyWillisCarrieronthe"

MarthaWashington"

thediningcarontheColumbian,runningbetweenWashington,D.C.andNewYork.Totestthesystem,thecarisheatedto93°

F.Theheatisthenturnedoffandtheairconditionerturnedon.Within20minutes,thetemperatureinthediningcarisacomfortable73°

F.

●1931"

Hot-Kold"

year-roundcentralair-conditioningsystemforhomesonthemarket

Frigidairemarketsthe"

year-roundcentralair-conditioningsystemforhomes.Duringtheearly1930s,anumberofmanufacturersdesigncentralairconditionersforhomes,amarketthatgrowsslowlyuntilthe1960s,whenlowercostsmakeitaffordableformanynewhomes.

●1931Aheatpumpair-conditioningsysteminLosAngelesofficebuilding

SouthernCaliforniaEdisonCompanyinstallsaheatpumpair-conditioningsysteminitsLosAngelesofficebuilding.Sincearefrigerationsystemmovesheatfromoneplacetoanother,thesameprinciplecanbeusedtoremoveheatinsummeroraddheatinwinterbyengineeringthesystemtobereversible.

●1932Firstovernighttrainwithairconditioning

Chesapeake&

OhioRailroadbeginsrunningthefirstovernighttrainwithairconditioning,theGeorgeWashington,betweenNewYorkandWashington.FouryearslaterUnitedAirLinesusesairconditioninginits"

threemilesaminute"

passengerplanes.

●1936AlbertHennesynthesizesrefrigerantR-134a

AlbertHenne,coinventoroftheCFCrefrigerants,synthesizesrefrigerantR-134a.Inthe1980sthisrefrigerantishailedasthebestnonozone-depletingreplacementforCFCs.

●1938AwindowairconditionerusingFreonismarketed

AwindowairconditionerusingFreonismarketedbyPhilco-York.Featuringabeautifulwoodfront,thePhilcoairconditionercansimplybepluggedintoanelectricaloutlet.

●1939AirconditioningofferedasanoptioninaPackardautomobile

PackardMotorCarCompanymarketsanautomobilewithairconditioningofferedasanoptionfor$274.Therefrigerationcompressorrunsofftheengine,andthesystemhasnothermostat.Itdischargesthecooledairfromthebackofthecar.

●1947Mass-produced,low-costwindowairconditionersbecomepossible

Mass-produced,low-costwindowairconditionersbecomepossibleasaresultofinnovationsbyengineerHenryGalson,whosetsupproductionlinesforanumberofmanufacturers.In1947,43,000windowairconditionersaresoldintheUnitedStates.Forthefirsttime,manyhomeownerscanenjoyairconditioningwithouthavingtobuyanewhomeorrenovatetheirheatingsystem.

●1969Morethanhalfofnewautomobilesareequippedwithairconditioning

Morethanhalfofnewautomobiles（54percent）areequippedwithairconditioning,whichissoonanecessity,notonlyforcomfortbutalsoforresalevalue.

Bynow,mostnewhomesarebuiltwithcentralairconditioning,andwindowairconditionersareincreasinglyaff