北京城区高三英语一模阅读理解D篇汇总带答案Word文件下载.docx
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iforganisms(生物)haveenoughDNAincommon,thentheycanfurthertheirownselfishgenesbyhelpingoneanother.Beesandantshaveasystemofreproductionwhichleavescolonymemberssocloselyrelatedthattheyactalmostasasinglesuper-organismAndamonganysexuallyreproducingspeciesparentalcarehelpsindividualspassontheirgenes.
Butkinselectioncannotexplainwhyhumansaresonicetostrangers.Oneideaisthatwehaveevolvedtobesuper-cooperativebecause,overtime,morecooperativegroupshaveoutcompetedlesscooperativeones.Buttheregenerallyisn'
tenoughgeneticvariationbetweengroupstoallownaturalselectiontofavormorecooperativeones.
Someresearchersthinkthesolutionliesinanideacalledculturalgroupselection.Forgetsharedgenes,theyargue.Selectioncanfavorcooperativegroupsifthepeoplewithinthemshareenoughculture.Theideaiscontroversialbecausetoworkitrequiresthatgroupsremainculturallydistinct,Ascriticspointout,peopletendtomigrate(迁移)betweengroups,whichshouldhomogenize(使同质化)ideasandcustoms.Thosewhobacktheconceptcounterthatgroupshavewaystomaintaintheirdistinctculture,includingaprocesscallednom(准则)enforcement.Putsimply,ifsomeonemigratesintoanewculturalgroup,theyarepressuredintofollowingthelocalrulesbecausefailingtodosoleadstopunishment.
Earlierthisyear,MathewandHandleyatArizonaStateUniversitypublishedastudytestingtheidea.Theysampled759peoplefromfourethnicgroupsinKenyawhocompeteintensivelyforland,waterandlivestock.Thepairestimatedthatgeneticdifferencesbetweenindividualsfromdifferentgroupswasgenerallylessthan15%.Culturalpracticesandbeliefsvariedmuchmore,by107to20%.Peoplecooperatedmostwithmembersoftheirowngroup,asculturalgroupselectionpredicts,andtoalesserextentwithmembersofothergroupswhosenormsmostcloselymatchedtheirown.Thatmakessenseifcultureratherthangeneticsiswhatmatters.“Ithinkthisisoneofthemostexplicittestsofculturalgroupselectiontheorysofar,”saysMathew.
Noteveryoneispersuaded.KrasnowatHarvardUniversityseesnotheoreticalflawwiththeidea,butsaysthatsomeofhisresearchunderminesit.Hehasfoundthatpeopledon'
tjustenforcetheruleswithintheirgroup,butalsopunishpeoplefromothergroupswhofailtofollowtheirowngroup’snorms.Mathewcountersthatitisreasonabletoenforcethenormsonoutsidersasasteptowardsincorporating(使并入)themintoyourculturalgroup.“Thisisoftenhowempiresexpand,”shesays.
31.Theexampleofbeesandantsisusedto_________.
A.highlightthesignificantroleofreproductionB.demonstratetheefficiencyofasuper-organism
C.revealwhyparentscareabouttheirselfishgenesD.explainthecauseoforganismshelpingoneanother
32.Fortheideaofculturalgroupselectiontowork,apre-conditionisthat_________.
A.cooperativegroupshavealargerchanceofsurvival
B.geneticvariationsinthesameculturalgrouparesmall
C.culturaldifferencesareweakenedwithpeoplemigrating
D.culturaldistinctivenesscanbepreservedwithcertainmethods
33.Thetextisdevelopedmainlythrough_________.
A.sortinginformationintodifferenttopicsB.narratingeventsintimeorder
C.presentingdoubtsandexploringanswersD.discussingsimilaritiesanddifferences
34.Wecanlearnfromthepassagethat_________.
A.cultureplaysamoresignificantroleinchoosingcooperators
B.beingselfishisofvitalimportanceforanindividualtosurvive
C.Mathew’sstudyresultcontradictswhatculturalgroupselectionpredicts
D.peoplejoininganewgroupwillbepunishedfornotkeepingtheirownculture
2021朝阳高三一模
LessonsintheLostArtofListening
Whenwasthelasttimeyoulistenedtosomeone?
Andwhenwasthelasttimesomeonereallylistenedtoyou?
Ionceaskedpeoplewhatitmeanttobeagoodlistener.Thetypicalresponsewasablankstare.
Ofcourse,technologyplaysarole.Peoplefindphonecallsinterruptingthem,preferringtextorwordlessemoji.Besides,schoolsandcollegesrarelyofferclassesoractivitiesthatteachcarefullistening.Youcanjoinclubstoperfectyourpublicspeaking,butwhoattemptstoachieveexcellenceinlistening?
Theloudunpleasantmixtureofsoundsofmodernlifealsostopsusfromlistening.
Generally,listeninggoesbeyondsimplyhearingwhatpeoplesay.Italsoinvolvespayingattentiontohowtheysayitandwhattheydowhiletheyaresayingit,inwhatcontext,andhowwhattheysayisrelatedtoyou.It’snotaboutmerelyholdingyourpeacewhilesomeoneelseholdsforth.Quitetheopposite.Alotoflisteninghastodowithhowyourespond—thedegreetowhichyoufacilitatetheclearexpressionofanotherperson’sthoughtsand,intheprocess,haveaclearmindofyourown.
Goodlistenersaskgoodquestions.Theyengageinexploringthetopic,nottodivertattention.Therearecuriousquestionslike“Wouldn’tyouagree…?
”or“Don’tyouthink…?
”Thesequestionshavestrongtendencies.Theywillgreatlyinfluencetheotherpersontochangehisorherview.Andyou’dbetterstayawayfromsomepersonalquestionslike“Whatdoyoudoforaliving?
”or“Whatpartoftowndoyoulivein?
”Justtrytofindoutwhatexcitespeople.Askaboutthelastmovietheysaworforthestorybehindapieceofjewelrythey’rewearing.Alsogoodareexpansivequestions,suchas,“Ifyoucouldspendamonth,wherewouldyougo?
”Researchindicatesthatwhenpeoplewhodon’tknoweachotherwellaskeachotherthistypeofquestion,theyfeelmoreconnectedthaniftheyspendtimetogetherachievingatask.
Becauseourbraincanthinkalotfasterthanpeoplecantalk,becarefulwiththetendencytotakementalsidetripswhenyouarelistening.Smartpeople’sattentioniseasilytakenawaybytheirownrunawaythoughts.Theymayalsoassumetheyalreadyknowwhattheotherpersonisgoingtosay.
Therewardofgoodlisteningwillcertainlybemoreinterestingconversations.Researchershavefoundthatattentivelistenersreceivemoreinformationfromspeakers,evenwhentheydon’taskanyquestions.Weare,eachofus,thesumofwhatweattendtoinlife.Thegentlevoiceofamotherandthecriticismofabossbothultimatelyformandshapeus.Andtolistenpoorly,selectivelyornotatalllimitsyourunderstandingoftheworldandpreventsyoufrombecomingthebestyoucanbe.
31.Oneofthefactorsthatinfluencelisteningisthat______.
A.ourconfidenceinlisteningisdecreasingB.ourspeechcreatesalotofnoisearoundus
C.listeningskillsareseldomtaughtinschoolD.textingcausesabettereffectthanphonecalls
32.WhatdoesParagraph3mainlytalkabout?
A.Whytheartoflisteninggetslostbyitself.B.Whyeffectivemethodsareusedinlistening.
C.Howpeoplemakethemselveswellunderstood.D.Howpeoplecanreclaimthelostartoflistening.
33.Accordingtotheauthor,whatshouldpeopledowhentheyarelistening?
A.Avoidbeingabsent-minded.B.Comeupwithcuriousquestions.
C.Focusonthespeaker’spersonalinformation.D.Trytofindcommoninterestswiththespeaker.
34.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?
A.Listeningandspeakingdeserveequalattention.B.Goodlistenersmaximizethebenefitsforthemselves.
C.Badlisteningultimatelycontributestopeople’sfailure.D.Listeners’clearmindfacilitatesspeakers’expressionofthoughts.
2021丰台高三一模
Atuniversity,when1toldpeopleIwasstudyingforahistorydegree,theresponsewasalmostalwaysthesame,“Youwanttobeateacher?
"
No,ajournalist.“Oh.Butyou’renotmajoringincommunications?
”
Inthedayswhenauniversityeducationwasaprivilege,perhapstherewasn’ttheassumptionthatadegreehadtobeaspringboarddirectlyintoacareer.Thosedaysarelonggone.Today,adegreeisallbutanecessityforthejobmarket,onethatmorethanhalvesyourchancesofbeingunemployed.Still,thataloneisnoguaranteeofajob-andyetwe'
repayingmoreandmoreforone.
Giventhosecosts,mostofuswanttomaximizethatinvestment-andthatcanleadtoaplug-and-playtypeofapproachtohighereducation.Wanttobeajournalist?
Studyjournalism,we’retold.Alawyer?
Pursuepre-law.Nottotallysure?
GointoSTEM(Science,Technology,EngineerandMaths)—youcanbecomeanengineeroranITexpert.Andnomatterwhatyoudo,forgetthehumanities,suchashistory,philosophyandlanguages.
It'
struethatthehumanitiescomewithahigherriskofunemployment,buttheriskisslighterthanyouwouldimagine.ForyoungpeopleintheU.S.,theunemploymentrateofthosewithhumanitiesdegreesisfourpercent,justalittlemorethanthatofengineeringdegreeholders.Lowersalariesmaynotbecausedbythedegreeitselfeither.Thegenderpaygappersistsinthehumanities,whosegraduatesaremorelikelytobefemale.Isitanywonderthenthatlanguageteacherstendtomakelessthanengineers?
AccordingtoLinkedIn'
sresearchonthemostsought-afterjobskillsbyemployersfor2019,theabilitytocommunicateandgetalongwithpeople,tounderstandwhat'
sonotherpeoplesminds,andtodofull-strengthcriticalanalysiswereallvaluedandappreciated.Itgoeswithoutsayingthatyoucanbeanexcellentcommunicatorandcriticalthink