北京大学英文翻译练习Word下载.docx

北京大学英文翻译练习Word下载.docx

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Abstract

Thispapertracesevidenceoftheinfluenceofthelandscapeonpeople'

shealth,fromancienttimestothepresentday,notinghowaccesstonatureandattractivegreenspaceshasbeenarecurringthemeindescriptionsoftherapeuticenvironmentsandassociatedhealthylifestyles.ItdescribeshowthethemeofhealthinthepicturesquedebatesofeighteenthcenturyEngland（includingsuchconceptsas‘activecuriosity’）wastakenupanddevelopedinargumentsforthenineteenthcenturyurbanparkmovementinEnglandandNorthAmerica.Recenttheoriesonthemechanismsbehindhealthbenefitsofnatureandaccesstolandscapearecomparedwithclaimsmadeinthenineteenthcenturyandearlier.Theimportanceofaccesstothelandscapeappearstobeasrelevantaseverinthecontextofmodernurbanlifestylesbuttheneedforbetterevidenceandunderstandingremains.

Researchhighlights

Cultureshaverecognisedthesalutogenicvalueoflandscapesthroughouthistory 

ThepicturesquedebatesofeighteenthcenturyEnglandincludedtherapeuticeffects 

Healthwasakeythemeinthenineteenthcenturyurbanparkmovement 

Modernpsychologyhasconfirmedearlierideasonmentalengagementwithlandscape 

Researchisstillneededoncausalmechanismsbetweenlandscapeandhealth.

Kewords:

History;

Healthandwellbeing;

Landscape;

Nature;

Greenspace

CommunityvaluesandattitudestowardslanduseontheGnangaraGroundwaterSystem:

ASenseofPlacestudyinPerth,WesternAustralia

SoradaTapsuwan,a,,ZoeLevistonaandDavidTuckera

aCSIROEcosystemSciences,PrivateBag5,Wembley,WA6913,Australia

Received4March2010;

revised1September2010;

accepted27September2010. 

Availableonline8December2010.

ClimatechangeisexacerbatinganeverincreasingdemandonPerth'

straditionalwatersources.OneofthesewatersourcesistheGnangaraGroundwaterSystem（GGS）.LandusesabovetheGroundwaterSystemdirectlyaffectswaterinfiltrationandsubsequentaquiferrechargeand,assuch,needtobecarefullyconsideredtoensurefuturewatersupplysecurityforPerth.Communityacceptancehasbeendemonstratedtobeanintegralcomponentofeffectivelanduseplanning.ThepsychologicalconceptofSenseofPlace（incorporatingthenotionsofidentity,attachmentanddependence）canbeusedtopredictintentiontoacceptorrejectlanduseplanningdecisions.ResultsfromaSenseofPlacestudyindicatedthatthreedistinctconstructsemerge,whicharethecognitive,emotionalandbehaviouralbondswithplacesontheGGS.SenseofPlaceisnotlimitedtoonlypeoplewholiveintheGGSareabuttoallPerthpeople.FindingsfromthisstudydefythetraditionalassumptionthatSenseofPlaceisdependanttosomeextentonproximitytothelocation.Thepolicyimplicationisthatsocialboundariescanextendbeyondgeographicalormanagementboundariesofaplace.

AppliestripartiteSenseofPlacetomultiplelanduseandgroundwatermanagement. 

ResultsfromSEMconfirmthesignificanceofthetripartiteSenseofPlacemodel. 

Placeidentity,attachmentanddependencearecorrelatedbutdistinctlydifferent. 

Placeidentity,attachmentanddependenceextendbeyondmanagementboundaries.

Keywords:

Structuralequationmodelling;

Multivariateanalysis;

Internetsurvey;

Australia

Aframeworkfordevelopingurbanforestecosystemservicesandgoodsindicators

CynnamonDobbsa,,,FranciscoJ.Escobedoa, 

andWayneC.Zippererb,

aSchoolofForestResourcesandConservation,UniversityofFlorida,361Newins-ZieglerHall,POBox110410,Gainesville,FL,USA

bSouthernResearchStation,USDAForestService,Bldg164MowryRd.,POBOX110806,Gainesville,FL32611,USA

Received21June2010;

revised25October2010;

accepted4November2010. 

Thesocialandecologicalprocessesimpactingonurbanforestshavebeenstudiedatmultipletemporalandspatialscalesinordertohelpusquantify,monitor,andvaluetheecosystemservicesthatbenefitpeople.Fewstudieshavecomprehensivelyanalyzedthefullsuiteofecosystemservices,goods（ESG）,andecosystemdisservicesprovidedbyanurbanforest.Indicators,however,areoneapproachthatcouldbeusedtobetterunderstandthestructureofanurbanforest,thesuiteofESGprovidedbyurbanforests,andtheirinfluenceonhumanwell-beingusingasimple,innovativeandrepeatablemetric.Thisstudypresentsaframeworkfordevelopingindicatorsusingfielddata,anurbanforestfunctionalmodel,andtheliterature.UrbantreeandsoilindicatorsforgroupsofecosystemfunctionswereusedtostatisticallyanalyzetheeffectsofurbanmorphologyandsocioeconomicsonurbanforestESG.FindingsshowthatthemostinfluentialESGindicatorsweretreecover,soilpH,andsoilorganicmatter.Indicatorsweresignificantlyinfluencedbylanduseandtimesinceurbanization,whileanalysesofpropertyvaluesandhouseholdincomedidnotyieldanyparticularlysignificantresults.Theindicatorspresentedinthispaperpresentafirstapproachtonon-monetaryvaluationofurbanforestESGandcanbeusedtodevelopurbanforeststructuremanagementgoalsandtomonitortheeffectsofurbangreeningpoliciesonhumanwell-being.

Urbanforestecosystemservicesandgoodsaredependentontreecover. 

Indicatorsforecosystemservicesandgoodsareinfluencebylanduseandtimesinceurbanization. 

Indicatorspresentedinthisstudyarethefirstapproachforanon-monetaryvaluationofurbanforestecosystemservicesandgoods. 

Indicatorscanbeusedasatoolforevaluationofpoliciesormanagementregimes.

Urbanecosystem;

Urbansoils;

Ecosystemservices;

Disservices;

Florida

Habitatassociationsandsurveyeffortforshrublandbirdsinanurbanpinebarrenspreserve

JasonT.Brieda,,,KateE.Langwigb,1,,AmielleA.Dewanc, 

andNeilA.Gifforda,

aAlbanyPineBushPreserveCommission,195NewKarnerRoad,Albany,NY12205,USA

bNewYorkStateDepartmentofEnvironmentalConservation,625Broadway,5thFloor,Albany,NY12233,USA

cDefendersofWildlife,113017thStreetNW,Washington,DC20036,USA

Received14May2010;

revised24September2010;

InlandpinebarrensoffertheraresttypeofshrublandhabitatinthenortheasternUnitedStatesandmaycontributedisproportionatelytotheregionaldiversityandconservationofshrublandbirds.Testinglocalhabitatspecializationandestimatingsurveyeffortisneededtoinformmanagementofpinebarrensforthisrapidlydecliningaviangroup.WeevaluatedshrublandbirdhabitatassociationsinaheavilyurbanizedpinebarrensofthenortheasternUnitedStates,andusedoccupancy-detectionsamplingandanalysistoestimatethenumberofsamplepointsandsurveysforpoint-basedmonitoringofshrublandbirdsinpinebarrens.Althoughforestareawassignificantlygreaterthanshrublandarea,8of11reliablymodeledspeciesshowedevidenceofassociationforshrubland,andarethuspotentiallyusefulasindicatorsofpinebarrensshrublandqualityandmanagementtoavertsuccession.Fromtheanalysisofsurveyeffort,wesuggesttwodesignoptionsforpoint-basedmonitoringofshrublandbirdsinpinebarrens:

（1）includeenoughpointstocoveratleast3%ofthestudyareaandsurveyeachpoint≥5timespreferablyduring05:

00–08:

00hr,or

（2）reducethepointsample,tonolessthanabout2%ofstudyarea,andincreasethesurveyreplicationto≥10surveys.Threesurveys,assuggestedbyshrublandbirdexpertsforanthropogenicearly-successionalhabitats（e.g.,utilitycorridors）andbyothersasageneralrule,mayrequiretoomanysamplepointstofeasiblymonitorshrublandbirdsinpinebarrens.

Abouttwo-thirdsofshrublandbirdspeciesanalyzedshowedevidenceofshrublandassociationinahighlyalteredpinebarrenslandscape. 

Correctingfordetectionprobabilitymodifiedbutdidnotdrasticallychangethemainconclusionsofadetection-naï

veanalysis. 

Werecommendaminimumoffivesurveys,notthreeaswidelysuggested,forshrublandbirdpointcountsinpinebarrens. 

Thesampleofpointcountstationsshouldcoveratleast3%ofthestudyarea.

Occupancy;

Detectionprobability;

Habitatmanagement;

Samplingdesign;

Indicator

DriversoflandabandonmentinSouthernChileandimplicationsforlandscapeplanning

G.IgnacioDí

aza,b,,LauraNahuelhuala,c,,,CristianEcheverrí

ad, 

andSandraMarí

ne,

aInstitutodeEconomí

aAgraria,UniversidadAustraldeChile,Casilla#567,Valdivia,Chile

bEscueladeGraduados,FacultaddeCienciasAgrarias,UniversidadAustraldeChile,Casilla#567,Valdivia,Chile

cFundació

nCentrodelosBosquesNativos,FORECOS,Casilla#567,Valdivia,Chile

dDepartamentodeBosquesyManejoAmbiental,UniversidaddeConcepció

n,Casilla#160-C,Concepció

n,Chile

eInstitutodeAcuicultura,CampusPuertoMontt,UniversidadAustraldeChile,Casilla#1327,PuertoMontt,Chile

revised28October2010;

accepted5November2010. 

Inrecentdecades,landabandonmenthasbecomeoneofthemostimportanttrendsinlanduseandcoverchange.ThisstudyidentifiesdriversoflandabandonmentinSouthernChilethroughaspatiallyexplicitstatisticalmodel,basedonaneconomictheoreticalframework.Alo