托福TPO31听力文本New文档格式.docx

托福TPO31听力文本New文档格式.docx

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Student

Well,yeah,butnow,Ithinkwritingabouttradeformypaperisn'

tgoingtowork.

Oh,soyourquestionsaboutshippingrouteswereforyourresearchpaper?

Yeah.Butnow,IseethatIprobablyneedtocomeupwithanewpapertopic.Actually,therewasoneotherideaIhad.IhavebeenthinkingaboutdoingsomethingaboutcommunityplanningintheearlyBritishsettlementsinEasternNorthAmerica.

Oh.OK.Iamcurious.Whyareyouinterestedindoingsomethingoncommunityplanningincolonialtimes?

Well,Iammuchmoreintoarchitecture.It’smymajorandImean,planningoutatownorcitygoesalongwiththat.Imean,notthatIdon'

tlikehistory...laminterestedinhistory…reallyinterested.ButIthink,youknow,foracareer,architectureismoreforme.

That'

sgreat.I'

vegottensomeverythought-provokingpapersfromStudentswhoseinterestsgobeyondhistory.

OK.Butforthepaperyouwantedustotrytoincludeacomparison,right?

Yes.Actually,thatwasreallythepurposeoftheassignment.ThewaytheUnitedStatesdevelopedorperhapsIshouldsaythecolonies,sincethelandthatwouldbecometheEasternUnitedStates…uh...therewereBritishcoloniestherefourhundredyearsago.Butanyway…uh...developmentinthecoloniesdifferedgreatlydependingongeography.IamlookingforpapersthathaveideasaboutsomethingthathappenedonewayintheNortherncolonieshappenedadifferentwayintheSoutherncolonies.

Isthattrueintermsofurbanplanning?

Verytrue.TownsintheNortherncolonieswerecentralizedandcompact.Theyprovidedameetingpointforexchanginggoods,forparticipatorygovernment,andforpracticingreligion.Houseswouldbebuiltalongtheroadsthatledintotown.Andjustoutsidethedevelopedarea,therewouldusuallybeanopenareaofsomesortforgrazinganimalsandalsogroupactivities.Actually,themodelforplanningatownintheNortherncolonieswasnotunlikethemodelforthedevelopmentoftownsinmedievalEurope.Afterall,thecolonistshadjustcomefromEuropeandthemedievalperiodwasjustended.

MedievalEurope.ButwhatabouttheSouth?

IfIremembercorrectly...IntheSouth,atleastinitially,theydidn'

tbuildtownssomuchastheybuilttradingposts.

sright.MostofthesettlersintheNorthwantedtostartawholenewlife.ButmostofthepeoplewhocamefromEuropetotheSouthjustwantedtomakesomemoneyandthengoback.Itisnotsurprisingthatsomeofmostcommonbuildingswerestoragefacilitiesandportfacilities.

Lecturel-Music—AncientGreekMusic&

Plato

Listentopartofalectureinamusicclass.

Todaywearegoingtodosomethingalittledifferent.Inthepastfewclasses,we'

velistenedtotraditionalmusicfromaroundtheworldandwe'

vetalkedaboutthecharacteristicsofthesemusic,whatmakesthesestylesdistinctive,whatkindsofinstrumentsareused.Andyou'

vetalkedaboutwhatsoundsfamiliartoyouandwhatsoundsstrange.Andmanyofyoufoundsomeofwhatwe'

velistenedtoverystrangeindeed.

Well,todayIwanttostarttalkingaboutwesternmusicandIamgoingtostartinancientGreece.But,nowhere'

sthepartthat'

sdifferent.We'

renotgoingtotalkverymuchabouttheactualmusic.Instead,wearegoingtotalkaboutwhattheGreeksbelievedaboutmusic.

Now,therearesomeverygoodreasonstoapproachthematerialinthisway.First,well,wedon'

thaveverymuchancientGreekmusicstudied.Onlyabout45piecessurvived…uh...thesearemostlyrecordsofpoemsandsongs.Andwearenotsurehowwellwecanreproducethemelodiesorrhythms,becausetheywereapparentlyimprovisedinmanycases.Sowereallydon'

tknowallthatmuchaboutwhatthemusicsoundedlike.

Whatwedoknowabout-andthisreallyisthemostimportantreasonIamapproachingtoday'

slecturethewayIam-istheGreekphilosophyaboutmusicanditscontinuinginfluenceonwesternattitudestowardmusic.

Now,ifwe'

regoingtounderstandthephilosophy,wehavetofirstunderstandthatmusicfortheGreekswasaboutmuchmorethanentertainment.Yes,therewasmusicatfestivalsandwehavesculpturesandpaintingsshowingpeoplelisteningtomusicformanyofthesamereasonsthatwedo.Butthisisn'

tthewholestory.

Theimportantthingaboutmusicwasthatitwasgovernedbyrules,mathematicalrules.Andforthoseofyouwhoarealsostudyingmusictheory,you’llseethatitisinfacthighlymathematical.

Um...andfortheGreeks,thesamemathematicalprinciplesthatgovernmusicalsogoverntheuniverseaswellasthehumancharacter,theessenceofpersonality.People'

scharacterswerebelievedtobeverysensitivetomusic.1fyoustartedplayingaroundwiththerules,youknow,messingupthemathematicalorder,youcoulddoseriousharm.That'

swhymusicwasconsideredsopowerful,ifyouknewtherules,itcoulddogreatgood.Butifyoubrokethem,youcoulddogreatharmtothecharacterofthelistener.

So,wehavethisGreekideathatmusicisdirectlyrelatedtohumancharacterandbehavior.

Thephilosopher,Plato,talksaboutthisinthecontextofeducation.ForPlato,musicisanimportantelementineducation,butonlytherightkindofmusic.Thatmeansthekindofmusicthatbuildsthekindofcharacteragoodcitizenorafutureleaderwouldneed.Yes.ForPlato,thereisakindofmusicthatinstillsthequalitiesofleadership,justasthereisakindofmusicthatmakesapersonsoftandweak.

Now,Platohasveryspecific,veryconventionalkindsofmusicinmind.Heisnotfondofinnovation.ThereweremusiciansinPlato'

sdaywhowereexperimentingwithdifferentmelodiesandrhythms.Adefiniteno-noforPlato.Hethinksthatbreakingwithtraditionleadstoallsortsofsocialproblems,seriousproblems,eventhebreakdownofthefabricofsociety.IamthinkingbacknowtowhenIfirststartedlisteningtorock'

n'

rollandIremembermyfathersayingitwasabadinfluenceonus.IthinkhewouldhavegottenalongwellwithPlato.

Anyway,Idon'

tneedtotellyouwhatIthinkaboutPlato'

sideasaboutinnovation,dol?

ThoughIhavetosayit'

sinterestingthatthesameargumentsagainstnewmusicandartarestillbeingmade.PerhapsliketheGreeks,werecognize,andmaybeevenfearthepowerofmusic.

Lecture2-Geology—MovementofTectonicPlates

Listentopartofalectureinageologyclass.

Aswe'

vediscussed,Earth'

scrustismadeupoflargeplatesthatrestonamantleofmoltenrock.Theseplates…uh...nowthesetectonicplatessupportthecontinentsandoceans.Overtime,thetectonicplatesmoveandshift,whichmovesthecontinentsandtheoceanfloorstoo.Onceitwasunderstoodhowtheseplatesmove,itwaspossibletodeterminepastmovementsofEarth'

scontinentsandhowtheseslowmovementshavereshapedEarth'

sfeaturesatdifferenttimes.

OK.Well,（as）studyingthemovementsoftheplatescantellusaboutthelocationofthecontinentsinthepast,itcanconceivablytellusabouttheirlocationinthefuturetoo,right?

So,inrecentyears,somegeologistshaveusedplatetectonictheorytomakewhattheycallgeopredictions.GeopredictionsareguessesaboutwhatEarth'

ssurfacemightlooklikemillionsofyearsfromnow.

So,weknowhowcertaincontinentsarecurrentlymoving.Forexample,thecontinentsofAfricahasbeencreepingnorthtowardEurope.AndAustraliahasbeenmakingitswaynorthtoo,towardAsia.

Doesanyoneknowwhat'

shappeningtotheAmericas?

l...lthinkwe'

vetalkedaboutthatbefore.Lisa?

Theyaremovingwestward,awayfromEuropeandAfrica.Right?

Right.Andwhatmakesusthinkthat?

TheAtlanticOceanfloorisspreadingandgettingwider,sothereismoreoceanbetweentheAmericasandEuropeandAfrica.

OK.Andwhyisitspreading?

Well,theseafloorisspilt.Thereisaridge,amountainrangethatrunsnorthandsouththere.AndtherockmaterialflowsupfromEarth'

sinteriorhere,atthesplit,whichforcesthetwosidesoftheoceanfloortospreadapart,tomakeroomforthenewrockmaterial.

Good.Andthatmeans,overtheshortterm…uh…andbyshorttermImean50millionyears,that'

sablinkoftheeyeingeologicaltime.Um…overtheshortterm,wecanpredictthattheAmericaswillcontinuetomovewestward,fartherawayfromEurope,whileAfricaandAustraliawillcontinuetomovenorthward.

Butwhataboutoverthelongterm?

Say250millionyearsormore.Well,overthatlengthoftime,forecastsbecomemoreuncertain.Butlotsofgeologistspredictthateventuallyallthecontinents,includingAntarctica,willmergeandbecomeonegiantlandmass,asupercontinent,oneresearcherscallingPangaeaUltima,whichmoreorlessmeansthelastsupercontinent.

Now,howthatmighthappenisopentosomedebate.SomegeologistsbelievethattheAmericaswillcontinuetomovewestwardandeventuallymergewithEastAsia.ThishypothesisisbasedonthedirectiontheAmericasaremovinginnow.Butothershypothesizethatanewsupercontinentwillforminadifferentway.TheythinkthatanewsubductionzonewillmightoccuratthewesternedgeoftheAtlanticOcean.

Paul,canyoureminduswhatasubductionzoneis?

Yeah.Um...basically,asubductionzoneiswheretwotectonicplat