非言语交际和跨文化交际文档格式.docx

非言语交际和跨文化交际文档格式.docx

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Keywords:

non-verbalcommunication;

function;

interculturalcommunication

1.Introduction

Languageisanecessaryandveryimportanttoolinhumancommunication.Whenpeopletalkaboutthecommunication,theyalwaysregardverbalcommunicationasakindofwaytocommunicate,butneglectingthenon-verbalcommunication.Infact,verbalcommunicationandnon-verbalcommunicationarebothwaysforpeopletocommunicate.Comparingwithverbalcommunication,non-verbalcommunicationcantransferinformationandexpressthemeaninginabetterway.Thispapermainlytalkedabouttherelationbetweenverbalcommunicationandnon-verbalcommunication,thefunctionofnon-verbalandthefunctionofnon-verbalintheinterculturalcommunication.

2.thenon-verbalcommunication

2.1Thedefinitionandclassificationofthenon-verbalcommunication

Non-verbalcommunication（NVC）isusuallyunderstoodastheprocessofcommunicationthroughsendingandreceivingwordlessmessages.Suchmessagescanbecommunicatedthroughgesture;

bybodylanguageorposture;

byfacialexpressionandeyecontact.Objectcommunicationsuchasclothing,hairstylesorevenarchitecture;

symbols.Speechmayalsocontainnon-verbalelementsknownasparalanguage,includingvoicequality,emotionandspeakingstyle,aswellasprosodicfeaturessuchasrhythm,intonationandstress.Likewise,writtentextshavenon-verbalelementssuchashandwritingstyle,spatialarrangementofwords,ortheuseofemoticons.

Languageisthemostimportantwayinhumancommunication,butitisnottheonlywaytocommunicate.Forexample,sometimesweneedlotsofnon-verbalcommunicationsymbolstohelpusunderstandwell.Infactverbalandnon-verbalcommunicationsarebothveryimportant.Someresearchersdividedthenon-verbalcommunicationintothreetypes;

thefirstoneisthatpeoplejustshowthedynamicpostureinasilentway.Forexample,whenpeopleshowtheiragreementtheywilljustnodtheirheadsinsteadofsayingyestoothers.Anotherexample,smilingisalsoakindofnon-verbalcommunication;

itcanexpressmanydifferentmeanings.Itcanshowthesatisfactionofsomethingoreventhepoliterefusal.Thesedependonthedifferentcontexts.Thesecondoneisstaticposture.Forexample,peoplewerestandingstraightorleaningonthechairorsittingontheflooretc.Thedifferentposturesofthestaticbodiesalsocanexpressdifferentmeaningsaccordingtothedifferentcontexts.Thethirdoneisakindofsoundswhichareproducedbyhumanbeingsbutnotverballanguage;

it’sakindofnon-verballanguage.Forexample,allkindsofsmiling,andthesighbothbelongtothethirdtype.

Thosethreenon-verbalcommunicationsplayaveryimportantwayinhumancommunicationsociety.

2.2Thecomparisonofverbalcommunicationwithnon-verbalcommunication

Asweallknow,verbalcommunicationisveryimportantinourreallife,however,non-verbalcommunicationalsoplaysanimportantroleindailylife.

ThephoneticianDavidAbercrombieclaimedthat‘wespeakwithourorgans,butweconversewithourentirebodies’（Abercrombie1968）,andweshallseeinwhatsensethisistrue.AndinMr.DaiWeidong’sbooknamedANewConciseCourseonLinguisticforStudiesofEnglish,languagewasdefinedaslangueisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Shortasit,thisdefinitionhascapturedthemainfeaturesoflanguage.Firstasall,languageisasystem.Second,languageisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenalinguisticsymbolandwhatthesymbolandwhatthesymbolstandsfor.Third,languageisvocalbecausetheprimarymediumforalllanguagesissound.Last,thetermhumaninthedefinitionismeanttospecifythatlanguageishuman-specific.

Speechalsoreflectsthesocialrelationsbetweenthespeakersandaddressee,mostparticularlythepowerandsolidaritymanifestedinthatrelationship.Powerisself-explanatory,butsolidarityishardertodefine.Itconcernsthesocialdistancebetweenpeople-howmuchexperiencetheyhaveshared,howmanysocialcharacteristicstheyshare（religion,sex,age,regionoforigin,race,occupation,interest,etc.）,howfartheyarepreparedtoshareintimacies,andotherfactors.

Non-verbalbehaviorisinvolvedinthetwoaspectsofspeechconsideredinthesechapter-makingrelationsbetweenspeakerandaddresseeandthestructureofdiscourse;

anditalsoinvolvedinthecommunicationofcontent,thatis,propositionsandreferents.Inthepart4wewilldiscussthenon-verbalcommunicationininterculturalcommunicationindetail.

3.Thefunctionofnon-verbalcommunication

Whencommunicating,non-verbalmessagescaninteractwithverbalmessagesinthefollowingways:

repeating,conflicting,complementing,substituting,regulating.

1）Repeating

"

Repeating"

consistsofusinggesturestostrengthenaverbalmessage,suchaspointingtotheobjectofdiscussion.

2）Conflicting

Verbalandnon-verbalmessageswithinthesameinteractioncansometimessendopposingorconflictingmessages.Apersonverballyexpressingastatementoftruthwhilesimultaneouslyfidgetingoravoidingeyecontactmayconveyamixedmessagetothereceiverintheinteraction.Conflictingmessagesmayoccurforavarietyofreasonsoftenstemmingfromfeelingsofuncertainty,ambivalence,orfrustration.Whenmixedmessagesoccur,non-verbalcommunicationbecomestheprimarytoolpeopleusetoattainadditionalinformationtoclarifythesituation;

greatattentionisplacedonbodilymovementsandpositioningwhenpeopleperceivemixedmessagesduringinteractions.

3）Complementing

Accurateinterpretationofmessagesismadeeasierwhennon-verbalandverbalcommunicationcomplementseachother.Non-verbalcuescanbeusedtoelaborateonverbalmessagestoreinforcetheinformationsentwhentryingtoachievecommunicativegoals;

messageshavebeenshowntoberememberedwellwhennon-verbalsignalsaffirmtheverbalexchange.

4）Substituting

Non-verbalbehaviorissometimesusedasthesolechannelforcommunicationofamessage.Peoplelearntoidentifyfacialexpressions,bodymovements,andbodypositioningascorrespondingwithspecificfeelingsandintentions.Non-verbalsignalscanbeusedwithoutverbalcommunicationtoconveymessages;

whennon-verbalbehaviordoesnoteffectivelycommunicateamessage;

verbalmethodsareusedtoenhanceunderstanding.

5）Regulating

Non-verbalbehavioralsoregulatesourconversations.Forexample,touchingsomeone'

sarmcansignalthatyouwanttotalknextorinterrupt.Forexample,apersonwhoisverballyexpressingangermayaccenttheverbalmessagebyshakingafist.

4.Non-verbalcommunicationininterculturalcommunication

4.1.Thedefinitionofculture

Acultureisacollectionofbeliefs,habits,livingpatterns,andbehaviorswhichareheldmoreorlessincommonbypeoplewhooccupyparticulargeographicarea.

Cultureinfluencesallaspectsofourlives.Itinvolvessubjective–attitudes,values,beliefs,opinions,behaviors–andobjective–clothes,food,utensils,architecture–elements.WeuseculturetoexplainsimilaritieswithinanddifferencesbetweengroupsofpeopleCultureisnotastaticentity,butisever-evolving;

whatwecommonlyknowas“thegenerationgap”isaculturaldifferenceasitreferstodifferentwaysoflifeandbeingforpeoplewhoareraisedindifferentperiodsoftime.Cultureexistsonmultiplelevels,anditenhancessurvival.Culturesproviderulesforliving,tellingpeoplehowtointeract,workandplaywitheachother.Cultureprovidesahierarchyfordecision-makingandsetsthestandardsforgroupcooperationanddivisionsoflabor.Withculturethereisorder;

withoutculturethereischaos.Evenpeoplewhothinktheyhavenoculturehaveaculture;

itisjusttheculturetobelievetheyhavenoculture.Ofallthepossiblethingspeoplecoulddo,culturehelpstolimitwhatweshoulddoinordertosurviveintheenvironmentinwhichwelive.Cultureiscommunicatedacrossgenerations.And,culturebothenablesbehavior,allowingittobecreatedorinventedanditconstrainsandrestrictsit.

4.2Thedefinitionofinterculturalcommunication

Interculturalcommunicationisaformofglobalcommunication.Itisusedtodescribethewiderangeofcommunicationproblemsthatnaturallyappearwithinanorganizationmadeupofindividualsfromdifferentreligious,social,ethnic,andeducationalbackgrounds.Interculturalcommunicationissometimesusedsynonymouslywithcross-culturalcommunication.Inthissenseitseekstounderstandhowpeoplefromdifferentcountriesandculturesact,communicateandperceivetheworldaroundthem.Asaseparatenotion,itstudiessituationswherepeoplefromdifferentculturalbackgroundsinteract.Asidefromlanguage,interculturalcommunicationfocusesonsocialattributes,thoughtpatterns,andtheculturesofdifferentgroupsofpeople.Italsoinvolvesunderstandingthedifferentcultures,languagesandcustomsofpeoplefromothercountries.Intercul