可以粘贴复制的word版本 剑桥雅思真题 8 test3演示教学文档格式.docx

可以粘贴复制的word版本 剑桥雅思真题 8 test3演示教学文档格式.docx

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Wecancausethelightningtostrikewherewewantittousingrockets,'

saysRalphBernstein,manageroflightningprojectsatEPRI.Therocketsiteisprovidingprecisemeasurementsoflightningvoltagesandallowingengineerstocheckhowelectricalequipmentbearsup.

Badbehaviour

Butwhilerocketsarefineforresearch,theycannotprovidetheprotectionfromlightningstrikesthateveryoneislookingfor.Therocketscostaround$1,200each,canonlybefiredatalimitedfrequencyandtheirfailurerateisabout40percent.Andevenwhentheydotriggerlightning,thingsstilldonotalwaysgoaccordingtoplan.'

Lightningisnotperfectlywellbehaved,'

saysBernstein.'

Occasionally,itwilltakeabranchandgosomeplaceitwasn'

tsupposedtogo.'

Andanyway,whowouldwanttofirestreamsofrocketsinapopulatedarea?

'

Whatgoesupmustcomedown,'

pointsoutJean-ClaudeDielsoftheUniversityofNewMexico.Dielsisleadingaproject,whichisbackedbyEPRLtotrytouselaserstodischargelightningsafely

-andsafetyisabasicrequirementsincenoonewantstoputthemselvesortheirexpensiveequipmentatrisk.Witharound$500,000investedsofar,apromisingsystemisjustemergingfromthelaboratory.

Theideabegansome20yearsago,whenhigh-poweredlaserswererevealingtheirabilitytoextractelectronsoutofatomsandcreateions.Ifalasercouldgeneratealineofionisationintheairallthewayuptoastormcloud,thisconductingpathcouldbeusedtoguidelightningtoEarth,beforetheelectricfieldbecomesstrongenoughtobreakdowntheairinanuncontrollablesurge.Tostopthelaseritselfbeingstruck,itwouldnotbepointedstraightattheclouds.Insteaditwouldbedirectedatamirror,andfromthereintothesky.Themirrorwouldbeprotectedbyplacinglightningconductorscloseby.Ideally,thecloud-zapper（gun）wouldbecheapenoughtobeinstalledaroundallkeypowerinstallations,andportableenoughtobetakentointernationalsportingeventstobeamupatbrewingstormclouds.

Astumblingblock

However,thereisstillabigstumblingblock.Thelaserisnoniftyportable:

it'

samonsterthattakesupawholeroom.Dielsistryingtocutdownthesizeandsaysthatalaseraroundthesizeofasmalltableisintheoffing.Heplanstotestthismoremanageablesystemonlivethundercloudsnextsummer.

BernsteinsaysthatDiels'

ssystemisattractinglotsofinterestfromthepowercompanies.Buttheyhavenotyetcomeupwiththe$5millionthatEPRIsayswillbeneededtodevelopacommercialsystem,bymakingthelasersyetsmallerandcheaper.'

IcannotsayIhavemoneyyet,butI'

mworkingonit,'

saysBernstein.Hereckonsthattheforthcomingfieldtestswillbetheturningpoint-andhe'

shopingforgoodnews.Bernsteinpredicts'

anavalancheofinterestandsupport'

ifallgoeswell.Heexpectstoseecloud-zapperseventuallycosting$50,000to$100,000each.

Otherscientistscouldalsobenefit.Withalightning'

switch'

attheirfingertips,materialsscientistscouldfindoutwhathappenswhenmightycurrentsmeetmatter.Dielsalsohopestoseethebirthof'

interactivemeteorology'

-notjustforecastingtheweatherbutcontrollingit.'

Ifwecoulddischargeclouds,wemightaffecttheweather,'

hesays.

Andperhaps,saysDiels,we'

llbeabletoconfrontsomeothermeteorologicalmenaces.'

Wethinkwecouldpreventhailbyinducinglightning,'

hesays.Thunder,theshockwavethatcomesfromalightningflash,isthoughttobethetriggerforthetorrentialrainthatistypicalofstorms.Alaserthunderfactorycouldshakethemoistureoutofclouds,perhapspreventingtheformationofthegianthailstonesthatthreatencrops.Withluck,asthestormcloudsgatherthiswinter,laser-totingresearcherscould,forthefirsttime,strikeback.

Questions1-3

Choosethecorrectletter,A,B,CorD.

Writethecorrectletterinboxes1-3onyouranswersheet.

1Themaintopicdiscussedinthetextis

AthedamagecausedtoUSgolfcoursesandgolfplayersbylightningstrikes.

BtheeffectoflightningonpowersuppliesintheUSandinJapan.

Cavarietyofmethodsusedintryingtocontrollightningstrikes.

Dalasertechniqueusedintryingtocontrollightningstrikes.

2Accordingtothetext,everyyearlightning

Adoesconsiderabledamagetobuildingsduringthunderstorms.

BkillsorinjuresmainlygolfersintheUnitedStates.

Ckillsorinjuresaround500peoplethroughouttheworld.

Ddamagesmorethan100Americanpowercompanies.

3ResearchersattheUniversityofFloridaandattheUniversityofNewMexico

Areceivefundsfromthesamesource.

Bareusingthesametechniques.

Careemployedbycommercialcompanies.

Dareinoppositiontoeachother.

Questions4-6

Completethesentencesbelow.

ChooseNOMORETHANTWOWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.

Writeyouranswersinboxes4-6onyouranswersheet.

4EPRIreceivesfinancialsupportfrom.........................

5TheadvantageofthetechniquebeingdevelopedbyDielsisthatitcanbeused.........................

6Themaindifficultyassociatedwithusingthelaserequipmentisrelatedtoits.........................

Questions7-10

Completethesummaryusingthelistofwords,A-l,below.

Writethecorrectletter,A-l,inboxes7-10onyouranswersheet.

Inthismethod,alaserisusedtocreatealineofionisationbyremovingelectrons

from7.........................Thislaseristhendirectedat8........................inorderto

controlelectricalcharges,amethodwhichislessdangerousthanusing

9.........................Asaprotectionforthelasers,thebeamsareaimedfirstlyat

10.........................

Acloud-zappersBatomsCstormclouds

DmirrorsEtechniqueFions

GrocketsHconductorsIthunder

Questions11-13

DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage1?

Inboxes11-13onyouranswersheetwrite

YESifthestatementagreeswiththeclaimsofthewriter

NOifthestatementcontradictstheclaimsofthewriter

NOTGIVENifitisimpossibletosaywhatthewriterthinksaboutthis

11PowercompanieshavegivenDielsenoughmoneytodevelophislaser.

12Obtainingmoneytoimprovethelaserswilldependontestsinrealstorms.

13WeatherforecastersareintenselyinterestedinDiels'

ssystem.

READINGPASSAGE2

Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions14-26,whicharebasedonReadingPassage2below.

TheNatureofGenius

Therehasalwaysbeenaninterestingeniusesandprodigies.Theword'

genius'

fromtheLatingens（=family）andtheterm'

meaning'

begetter'

comesfromtheearlyRomancultofadivinityastheheadofthefamily.Initsearliestform,geniuswasconcernedwiththeabilityoftheheadofthefamily,thepaterfamilias,toperpetuatehimself.Gradually,geniuscametorepresentaperson'

scharacteristicsandthenceanindividual'

shighestattributesderivedfromhis'

orguidingspirit.Today,peoplestilllooktostarsorgenes,astrologyorgenetics,inthehopeoffindingthesourceofexceptionalabilitiesorpersonalcharacteristics.

Theconceptofgeniusandofgiftshasbecomepartofourfolkculture,andattitudesareambivalenttowardsthem.Weenvythegiftedandmistrustthem.Inthemythologyofgiftedness,itispopularlybelievedthatifpeoplearetalentedinonearea,theymustbedefectiveinanother,thatintellectualsareimpractical,thatprodigiesburntoobrightlytoosoonandburnout,thatgiftedpeopleareeccentric,thattheyarephysicalweaklings,thatthere'

sathinlinebetweengeniusandmadness,thatgeniusrunsinfamilies,thatthegiftedaresoclevertheydon'

tneedspecialhelp,thatgiftednessisthesameashavingahighIQ,thatsomeracesaremoreintelligentormusicalormathematicalthanothers,thatgeniusgoesunrecognisedandunrewarded,thatadversitymakesmenwiseorthatpeoplewithgiftshavearesponsibilitytousethem.Languagehasbeenenrichedwithsuchtermsas'

highbrow'

'

egghead'

blue-stocking'

wiseacre'

know-all'

boffin'

and,formany,'

intellectual'

isatermofdenigration.

Thenineteenthcenturysawconsiderableinterestin