黑龙江中医药大学专业英语口语考试题答案指导Word文档格式.docx

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黑龙江中医药大学专业英语口语考试题答案指导Word文档格式.docx

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黑龙江中医药大学专业英语口语考试题答案指导Word文档格式.docx

əuləs]核仁

Chromosomes['

krəuməsəum]染色体——Rod-shapedstructuresinthenucleusthatcontainregionsofDNAcalledgenes.Theseare46chromosomesineverycellexceptfortheeggandspermcells,whichcontainonly23individual,unpairedchromosomes.

DNA（deoxyribonucleicacid）——Chemicalfoundwithineachchromosome.Arrangedlikeasequenceofrecipesincode,itdirectstheactivitiesofthecell.

RNA（ribonucleicacid）

2.Tissues组织

Concept:

Atissueisagroupofsimilarcellsworkingtogethertodoaspecificjob.

Typesoftissues:

Therearefourmaintissuetypesinthebody:

epithelial[,epi'

θi:

liəl]上皮/connective[kə'

nektiv]结缔组织/muscle['

mʌsl]/nervous['

nə:

vəs]

Epithelialtissue,locatedalloverthebody,formsthelinings['

lainiŋ]内层ofinternalorgans（suchastheairways呼吸道,thereproductive[,ri:

prə'

dʌktiv]tract生殖系统,andthedigestive[di'

dʒestiv]tract消化道）,andtheskincoveringthebody.Italsolinesexocrine['

eksəkrain]外分泌andendocrine['

endəukrain]glands内分泌腺.

Muscletissueiscomposedofcellsthathavethespecialabilitytoshortenorcontractinordertoproducemovementofthebodyparts.Itformsmuscles.

Connectivetissuesbindstructures['

strʌktʃə]结构together,formaframeworkandsupportfororgansandthebodyasawhole,storefat,transportsubstances,protectagainstdisease,andhelprepairtissuedamage.Examplesarefat,cartilage['

kɑ:

tilidʒ]软骨,bone,andblood.

Nervoustissueisfoundinthebrain,spinalcord脊髓,andnerves

3.Organsandsystems器官和系统

TwoormoretypesoftissuesarecombinedwithinthesamestructuretoformanORGAN.

organsareinthethoracic[θɔ:

ræ

sik]cavity:

theheartandthelungs

organsareintheabdominal[æ

dɔminəl]pelvic['

pelvik]cavity:

theliver,spleen,pancreas['

pæ

nkriəs]胰腺,stomach,intestine[in'

testin]肠,kidneys,urinary['

juərinəri]bladder膀胱,uterus['

ju:

tərəs]子宫,etc.

Systemsaregroupsoforgansworkingtogethertoperformcomplexfunctions.Forexample,themouth,esophagus[i:

sɔfəɡəs]食管,stomach,andsmallandlargeintestinesareorgansthatdotheworkofthedigestivesystemtodigestfoodandabsorbitintothebloodstream.

The10systems:

Althoughviewedaswhole,thehumanbodyisactuallymadeupoftendifferentsystems.Eachofthesesystemsplaysavitalpartintheentirebody.

Skeletal['

skelitəl]system骨骼系统

Muscular['

mʌskjulə]system

Digestivesystem

Circulatory[,sə:

kju'

leitəri]system循环系统

Respiratory['

respərətəri]system呼吸系统

Skinsystem

Nervoussystem

Excretory[ek'

skri:

təri]（urinary）system排泄系统

Reproductive[,ri:

dʌktiv]system生殖系统

Endocrine['

endəukrain]system内分泌系统

Itisthroughthesetenspecialized['

speʃəlaizd]专门的systemsallworkingtogetherthatallowsustomaintaineveryaspectoflifefromstandingtosleepingtobreathing.Ifanyoneofthesesystemsfail,theentireindividualsuffers.

4.Bodycavities体腔

Fivemaincavities:

Thehumanbodyconsistsofthefollowingbodycavities:

dorsal[dɔ:

səl]背部的bodycavity背体腔

cranial['

kreiniəl]cavity颅腔,enclosedbytheskullandcontainsthebrain,eyes,andears.

spinal['

spainəl]canal脊髓腔,enclosedbythespineandcontainsthespinalcord.

ventralbodycavity腹体腔

thoracic[θɔ:

sik]cavity胸腔,enclosedbytheribcageandcontainsthelungsandheart.

abdominopelvic[æ

b,dɔminə'

pelvik]cavity盆腹腔

abdominal[æ

dɔminəl]cavity腹腔,enclosedbytheribcageandpelvisandcontainsthekidneys,ureters,stomach,intestines,liver,gallbladder,andpancreas

pelvic['

pelvik]cavity盆腔,enclosedbythepelvisandcontainsbladder,anusandreproductivesystem.

5.Nineabdominopelvicregionsandfourquadrants

Rightupperquadrant['

kwɔdrənt]（RUQ）containstheliver（rightlobe右叶）,gallbladder['

ɡɔ:

l,blæ

də]

胆囊,partofthepancreas['

nkriəs]

胰腺,partsofthesmallandlargeintestines[in'

testin].

Leftupperquadrant（LUQ）containstheliver（leftlobe）,stomach,spleen,partofthepancreas,partsofthesmallandlargeintestines

Rightlowerquadrant（RLQ）containspartsofthesmallandlargeintestines,rightovary,rightfallopiantube,appendix,rightureter

Leftlowerquadrant（LLQ）containspartsofthesmallandlargeintestines,leftovary,fallopiantube,leftureter.

R/LHypochondriac[,haipəu'

kɔndriæ

k]regions季肋区

Epigastric[,epi'

ɡæ

strik]region腹上部

R/LLumbar['

lʌmbə]regions腰区

Umbilical[ʌm'

bilikəl]region脐

R/LInguinal['

iŋɡwinəl]regions腹股沟区

Hypogastric[,haipə'

strik]region腹下部区

6.Divisionofthespinalcolumn

Thespinalcolumniscomposedofaseriesofbonesthatextendfromthenecktothetailbone.Eachboneisavertebra（plural:

vertebrae）.Thenervoustissuewithinthespinalcavityisspinalcordandthepadofcartilagebetweenvertebraeisdisk（disc）.Thespinalcolumnisdividedintofiveregions:

cervical,thoracic,lumber,sacralandcoccygeal,asexplainedbelowandshowninfigure2-16.

Division

Abbreviation

Location

Cervical['

sə:

vikəl]

Neckregion.Therearesevencervicalvertebrae（C1—C7）.

Thoracic

Chestregion.Therearetwelvethoracicvertebrae（T1-T12）.Eachbonejoinedtoarib.

Lumbar

Loin（waist）orflankregion（betweentheribsandhipbone）.Therearefivelumbarvertebrae['

və:

tibri:

]（L1-L5）.

Sacral['

seikrəl]

Fivebones（S1-S5）arefusedtoformonebone,thesacrum

Coccygeal[kɔk'

sidʒiəl]

Thecoccyx（tailbone）isasmallbonecomposedoffourfusedpieces.

Figure2-16.Anatomicaldivisionofthespinalcolumn

7.Tracethepathofbloodthroughtheheart.Beginasthebloodenterstherightatriumfromthevenuecavae（andincludethevalveswithintheheartandthepasstoandfromthelung）.

Oxygen-poorbloodthathaspassedthroughallofthebodytotherightatrium['

ɑ:

triəm]右心房,Therightatriumcontractstoforcebloodthroughthetricuspid[trai'

kʌspid]valve三尖瓣intotherightventricle['

ventrikl]右心室,Astherightventriclecontractstopumpoxygen-poorbloodthroughthepulmonary['

pʌlmənəri]valve肺动脉瓣intopulmonaryartery肺动脉,thetricuspidvalvestaysshut,thuspreventingbloodfrompushingbackintotherightatrium.Thepulmonaryarterythenbranchestocarryoxygen-deficientbloodtoeachlungandentersthelungcapillaries[kə'

piləri]肺毛细血管,andlosesitslargequantityofcarbondioxide[dai'

ɔksaid]二氧化碳.Atthesametime,oxygenisbroughtbacktotheheartviathepulmonaryveins肺静脉.Thenewlyoxygenatedbloodenterstheleftatrium左心房.Thewallsoftheleftatriumcontracttoforcebloodthroughthemitral['

maitrəl]valve二尖瓣intotheleftventricle左心室.Theleftventriclepropelsthebloodthroughtheaortic[ei'

ɔ:

tik]valve主动脉瓣intotheaorta[ei'

tə]主动脉,whichbranchestocarrybloodalloverthebody.

8.ConductionSystemoftheHeart心脏的传导系统

sinus['

sainəs]窦房结

A-Vnodes房室结

conductingfibers传导纤维betweenthenodes

bundleofHis房室束

theleftandrightbundlebranches束支

Purkinjefibers浦肯野纤维

Primaryresponsibilityforinitiatingtheheartbeatrestswithasmallregionofspecializedmuscletissueintheposteriorportionoftherightatrium,whereanelectricalimpulseoriginates.Thisregionoftherightatrium,thesinoatrialnode（SAnode,sin/o=sinus）,isthepacemakeroftheheart.

9.Tracethepathoffoodthroughtheelementarycanalandthe3organsthatassistdigestion

smallintestine:

duodenum[,dju:

əu'

di:

nəm]十二指肠

jejunum[dʒi'

dʒunəm]空肠

ileum['

iliəm]回肠

largeintestine:

cecum,ascending、transverse、descendingandsigmoidcolons

10．Threesalivaryglandsandthreeportionsofthroat

Thesalivary['

sæ

livəri]glands唾液腺areexocrine['

eksəkrain]glands外分泌腺,glandswithducts,thatproducesaliva.

parotid[pə'

rɔtid]gland腮腺

submandibular[,sʌbmæ

dibjulə]gland颌下腺

sublingual[sʌb'

liŋɡwəl]gland舌下腺

Pharynx['

fæ

riŋks]咽isdividedinto3parts:

Naso,pharynx[,neizəu'

riŋks]鼻咽

oro,pharynx[,ɔ:

rəu'

riŋks]口咽

laryngo,pharynx[lə,riŋɡəu'

riŋks]咽喉

11.Threestepsofurineformation,thepathoftheurineoutofthe

bodyafteritformation

a）Filtration[fil'

treiʃən]过滤ofwateranddissolvedsubstancesoutofthebloodintheglomeruli[ɡlɔ'

merjulai]肾小球andintoBowman'

scapsule肾小囊;

b）Reabsorption[,ri:

əb'

sɔ:

pʃən]再吸收ofwateranddissolvedsubstancesoutofthekidneytubules肾小管backintotheblood;

c）Secretion[si'

kri:

ʃən]分泌ofhydrogenions（H+）,potassiumions（K+）,ammonia（NH3）,andcertaindrugsoutofthebloodandintothekidneytubules,wheretheyareeventuallyeliminatedintheurine['

juərin].

12.Formationofovum['

əuvəm]卵子anditspathforimplantation

13.Thestructureoftheuterus（threeparts）andthethreelayersoftheuterinewall

Threepartsoftheuterus['

tərəs]子宫:

Fundus['

fʌndəs]底

body

cervix['

viks]子宫颈

Threelayersoftheuterinewall子宫壁:

Endometrium[,endəu'

mi:

triəm]子宫内膜

Myometrium[,maiəu'

mitriəm]子宫肌层

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