OVERVIEW of canadaWord文件下载.docx

OVERVIEW of canadaWord文件下载.docx

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bec.Muchoftheremainingpopulationlivesinthesouthernareasofeachofthenation'

stenprovincesandtwoterritories.Thecountry'

slargestcitiesareToronto,with3.8millionresidents,Montré

alwith3.1million,andVancouverwith1.6million.AlthoughthereareFrenchCanadiansineachoftheprovinces,byfarthegreatestnumbercanbefoundintheprovinceofQué

bec.In1991,81percentofthepopulationofQué

beccitedFrenchastheir"

mothertongue"

（thefirstlanguagespokenasachildandstillunderstood）,comparedtoaboutninepercentforEnglish.Thenext-highestconcentrationofFrench-speakingCanadiansisinNewBrunswick（33percent）.Alloftheremainingprovincesreportedfiguresoflessthanfivepercent,rangingfrom0.4to4.6percent.Overall,6.5millionCanadians,or24percentofthepopulationin1991,reportedFrenchastheir"

mothertongue."

English-speakingCanadiansnumbered16.5million,oralmost61percentofthetotalpopulation.

ThereisalsoastrongandgrowingtrendofbilingualisminCanada.Accordingtothe1986census,16percentofthepopulationspokebothEnglishandFrench,againwiththeprovinceofQué

becleadingtheway.InQué

becalmost60percentofanglophones,morethan30percentoffrancophones,andclosetohalfofthosewhosemothertongueisneitherEnglishnorFrenchwerebilingual.Forcomparison,outsideQué

beconlyaboutfivepercentofanglophonesand80percentoffrancophoneswerebilingual.

Qué

becwasbyfartheleadingpointofdepartureforFrench-CanadianimmigrationtotheUnitedStates,althoughtherewerethosewhotravelledsouthfromNovaScotia,NewBrunswick,Manitoba,andOntario.Qué

becisthelargestprovince,makingupalmost16percentofCanada'

stotalareaandoverone-fourthofitspopulation.TheprovincialmottoisJemesouviens（Iremember）,andthefloweristhefleur-de-lis.Bothmottoandflowerarefeaturedprominentlyontheprovincialcoatofarms.

HISTORY

ThemanwhoiscreditedwithdiscoveringtheCanadianmainlandwasFrenchexplorerJacquesCartier（1491-1557）.HewasseekinggoldandrichesviathefamedNorthwestPassagetotheEast,butreachedNewfoundlandinsteadinMay1534.HemadeanotherjourneytoCanadain1535and,unlikeearlierexplorers,continuedwestalongtheSt.LawrenceRiverasfarasmodern-dayQué

becCity,andthenpressedonevenfarthertothefuturesiteofMontré

al.Thisfirstforayintotheinteriorwasdifficult—particularlybecauseoftheharshwinterconditionsinQué

becCityandtherampantscurvythatkilledmanymen.Theremainderweresaidtobesavedbyanativeteamadefromthebarkofthewhitesprucetree.

Cartier'

sthirdvoyagetoCanadawasafailureintermsofestablishingasettlement.Permanentsettlementwouldhavetowaituntilthefurtradegavereasontosendmorethantheoccasionalfishingvessel.SamueldeChamplain（1567-1635）finallyestablishedthefirsttradingpostonthesiteofQué

becCityin1608.Champlain,too,hadsoughttheNorthwestPassage,buthesoonrealizedthatbeaverpeltswouldberesponsibleforthesurvivalofanysettlements.Hesetupasystemofcompanymonopoliestosystematicallyhuntandsellpeltsand,inexchangefor300settlerscomingtothenewlandannually,toserveasthearea'

sgovernmentfrom1627until1642.

Unfortunately,Champlain'

searlysettlementwasattackedbyEnglishandIroquoisConfederacyrivals.TheCatholicchurch,anintegralpartofFrenchsettlement,alsosufferedduringthemid-seventeenthcenturyatthehandsofthoseopposedtoFrenchcolonization.GroupssuchastheJesuitmissionaries,whoweresenttoconvertthenatives,wereoftenattacked,andmanymissionariesandtheirfollowersweretorturedandkilled.

InadditiontofoundingQué

bec,ChamplainventuredintonorthernNewYork（hediscoveredthelakenamedforhimin1609）,andexploredtheAtlanticcoastasfarasMassachusetts,includingmanyofthelargerriversinMaine.However,Champlain'

seffortstoestablishasuccessfulFrenchcolonywerethwartedbyweather,battleswiththeEnglishandcertainnativegroups,andlimitedsupportfromFrance.HediedinQué

becin1635,attheageof68.

NEWFRANCE

Forallofthehardships,theKingofFrance,LouisXIV,didnotgiveup.In1665hesenttwoshipstoQué

beccontainingthefirstregulartroopstobesenttoCanada,inadditiontoAlexandredeProuville,theMarquisdeTracy（1596-1670）,whowasmadelieutenant-generalforallFrenchpossessionsinNorthAmerica.ThegovernmentchangedfromChamplain'

scompanymonopoliestoaSovereignCouncilcomposedofthegovernorofNewFrance,abishop,andanintendant—thelatterbeingthechiefrepresentativeofroyalpowerinaFrenchcolony.Franceshippedboatloadsofdemoisellesbienchoisies（womenofgoodhealthandupbringing）,orfillesduroi（king'

sgirls）,toraisethenumbersandhelpsettleNewFrance.JeanTalon（1626-1694）,thefirstintendantofNewFrance,wasinstrumentalindoublingthepopulationbetween1666and1678,to7,605settlers.Hewasjoinedinhiseffortsbythefirstbishop,Franç

oisdeMontmorency-Laval（1623-1708）,whoestablishedaseminarythatwouldbecometheUniversityofLaval,andthegovernorofNewFrance,LouisdeBuade,ComtedeFrontenac（1622-1698）.

Talonalsosuccessfullyimplementedtheseignorialsystem,inwhichfeudallandtenuresweregrantedtosettlersfreeofchargeinexchangeforclearingthelandandpledgingloyaltytotheKingofFrance.Theseigneurwould,inturn,subdividehisacreagetotenantswhopaidanominalrent,cleared,andfarmedtheland.ThesehabitantswerethefirstFrenchCanadians.Soonthesettlementshad,attheircenter,aparishchurchandanestablishedcuré

（priest）tomeettheirreligiousneeds.Inadditiontothehabitants,therewerethecoureursdebois,traderswhonegotiatedforfurswiththeIndiansintheupperreachesoftheOttawaRiverandintheGreatLakes.

SETTLEMENTSOUTSIDEQUÉ

BEC

TheFrenchsettledinotherpartsofNorthAmericaaswell.BytheTreatyofUtrecht（1713）,FrancecededHudsonBay,Newfoundland,andAcadiatoEngland.TheFrench,however,retainedcontrolofpresent-dayCapeBretonIslandontheeastcoastofNovaScotiawheretheybuiltthefortressofLouisburg（1720-1740）todefenditsremainingterritory.InadditiontoAcadia,ortheMaritimeprovincesofCanada,theFrenchcouldbefoundinthecoastalregionofnorthernMaine.ThefirstAcadiansettlementwasestablishedin1604byPierreduGua,SieurdeMontsatSt.CroixIslandintheBayofFundy.In1755,6,500AcadiansweredeportedtotheAmericancoloniesoftheAtlanticSeaboardforhavingrefusedtotakeanoathtothekingofEngland.ManyofthemwouldlaterfindtheirwaytoLouisianawheretheybecameknownasCajuns,aderivationofthewordAcadian.OtherearlyFrenchtownsintheUnitedStatesincludedDetroit,Michigan,foundedbyAntoinedeLamotheCadillac（1658-1730）in1701.CadillacalsoservedascolonialgovernoroftheLouisianaterritory.

Finally,outsideofQué

bec,themajorconcentrationofFrenchsettlerswasinwhatarenowLouisiana,Mississippi,Missouri,andIllinois.TheLouisianaTerritorywasclaimedforFrancein1682andnamedbyexplorerRobertCavelier,SieurdelaSalle（1643-1687）,afterKingLouisXIV.FrenchfortsalongtheMississippiRiverspreadnorthwardfromNewOrleans.ApairofFrenchCanadiansfoundedandhelpedtocolonizethissouthernFrenchterritory.PierreleMoyned'

Iberville（1661-1706）establishedthecityofBiloxi,Mississippi,in1699,andJean-BaptisteleMoynedeBienville,establishedNewOrleansin1718.In1803theUnitedStatesboughttheland,whichspreadfromtheMississippiRivertotheRockyMountains,fromFrancefor$15millionintheLouisianaPurchase.

TherearemanyotherplacenamesintheUnitedStatesthattellthetaleofFrenchinfluenceandsettlement.ThestateofMaineissaidtohavebeennamedfortheprovinceofMayneinFrance,andVermontcomesfromtheFrenchwordsvertmont,whichmean"

greenmountain."

Duluth,Minnesota,isnamedforDanielGreysolon,SieurDuLhut（1636-1710）,whowontheLakeSuperiorandupperMississippiregionforFrance.Likewise,Dubuque,Iowa,isnamedforJulienDubuque（1762-1810）,apioneersettlerofIowa.VestigesoftheFrenchconnectionremaininMinnesota'

smotto,L'

É

toileduNord（Thestarofthenorth）.

WARWITHTHEENGLISH

TheEnglish,French,andSpanishallwantedtoclaimNorthAmericafortheirown.Afteraseriesofsmallerskirmishes,theFrenchandIndianWarsof1689-1763（betweentheFrenchandtheEnglish）finallyledtothefalloftheFrenchcolonies.Thesebattles,offshootsofvariousEuropeanwars,culminatingintheSevenYears'

War,sawtheFrenchandnativepeoplesalignedagainsttheBritishandtheirAmericancolonists.In1745EnglishforcescapturedthefortatLouisburg.（ItwasreturnedtoFrancein1748.）Themostrenownedbattle,however,tookplaceonthePlainsofAbrahaminmodern-dayQué

becCityin1759.Bythetimetheassaultwasover,boththeFrenchGeneral,Louis-JosephdeMontcalm（1712-1759）,andtheBritishcommander,BrigadierGeneralJamesWolfe（1727-1759）,laydeadonthebattlefield.TheTreatyofPariswassignedin1763andFrancecededherCanadiana