英语学科知识与教学能力考点必背语音部分教师资格证.docx
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学科知识与教学能力笔记(英语)
一、语音考点
(一)元音Vowels
考点1:
元音的舌位图
从图中可以看到,/i:
/与/æ/都是前元音,但是发/i:
/时牙床近于全合;发/æ/时,牙床近于全开。
可见,发音时调节口的开张程度就产生的不同的前元音。
我们先来看看英语单元音的舌位图(P70)。
图的左方为口腔的前部,右方为其后部。
竖线把舌头分成前中后三个部分;横线表示牙床的开合程度,图中的圆点表示元音音素发音时舌头抬得最高的那一部分在口腔中的位置。
单元音可按发音时舌头前、中、后哪一部分抬得最高而分成三类:
前元音,中元音,后元音(backvowels)。
元音一般从四个方面进行描述:
舌位(high,mid,low),舌头最高部位的位置(front,central,back),长度(long,short)或紧张度(tense,lax),唇的开口度(rounded,unrounded)
音标描述汇总:
[i:
] highfronttenseunroundedvowel
[І]highfrontlaxunroundedvowel
[u:
] highbacktenseroundedvowel
[ʊ]即[u]highbacklaxroundedvowel
[З:
]或[ə:
]centraltenseunroundedvowel
[ə]centrallaxunroundedvowel
[e]mid-highfrontlaxunroundedvowel
[æ]lowfrontlaxunroundedvowel
[Λ]mid-lowbacklaxunroundedvowel
[ɔ:
]mid-lowbacktenseroundedvowel
[ɒ]lowbacklaxroundedvowel
[ɑ:
]lowbacktenseunroundedvowel
考点2:
专有名词
基本元音CardinalVowels
纯元音PureVowels/单元音MonophthongVowels
发音过程中,音质有听觉上的变化,如果舌运动一次,其滑动导致双元音,舌运动两次产生三元音
滑元音Vowelsglides:
Thereisanaudiblechangeofquality.——Ifasinglemovementofthetongueisinvolved,theglidesarecalled双元音Diphthongs
如:
[eI]frommid-lowfronttohighfront
[aI][ɔI][əʊ] [aʊ] [Iə][eə] [ʊə]略
Adoublemovementproduces三元音Triphthong例如:
tower中[aʊə]
(二)辅音Consonants
发音时,声道的某些部位受到挤压或阻碍后,使得气流在口腔里转向、受阻或完全被阻挡。
Consonantsaresoundsproducedbyconstrictingorobstructingthevocaltractatsomeplacetodivert,impedeorcompletelyshutofftheflowofairintheoralcavity.
Vowels元音:
producedwithoutsuchobstructionsonoturbulenceoratotalstoppingoftheaircanbeperceived.
区别:
thedistinctionbetweenvowelsandconsonantsliesintheobstructionofairstream.阻塞气流。
考点1:
Mannersofarticulation发音方式
Whichofthefollowingwordsdoesnotcontainafricative?
A.FiveB.changeC.showD.three
因为change有两个摩擦音
stops爆破音[p,b,t,d,k,g]
nasal鼻音[m,n,ŋ]
fricative摩擦音[f,v,θ,ð,s,z,∫,ʒ,h]、
approximant近似音[w,r,j]、
lateral边音[l]、
affricate塞擦音[ts,dz,tr,dr]
考点2:
Placesofarticulation发音部位
例题:
Thephoneme[n]—[m]
openbook√openmarket√brownpaper√brownhat×
看第二个单词音标是什么
bilabial双唇音、labiodental唇齿、dental齿间、alveolar齿龈、postalveolar齿龈后、retroflex卷舌音、palatal硬腭、velar软腭、glottal声门[h].
总结:
[p]voicelessbilabialstop
[b]voicedbilabialstop
[t] voicelessalveolarstop
[d] voicedalveolarstop
[k]voicelessvelarstop
[g] voicedvelarstop
[m]bilabialnasal
[n]alveolarnasal
[ŋ]velarnasal
[f]voicelesslabiodentalfricative
[v]voicedlabiodentalfricative
[ϑ]voicelessdentalfricative
[ð]voiceddentalfricative
[s]voicelessalveolarfricative
[z]voicedalveolarfricative
[∫]voicelesspostalveolarfricative
[ʒ]voicedpostalveolarfricative
[h]glottalfricative
[t∫]voicelesspostalveolaraffricate
[dʒ]voicedpostalveolaraffricate
[l]alveolarlateral
[r]alveolarapproximant
[w]bilabialapproximant
[j]palatalapproximant
(三)Assimilation同化现象:
aprocessbywhichonesoundtakesonsomeorallcharacteristicsofaneighboringsound.
Nasalization鼻音化、capcan
Dentalization齿音、tenttenth
Velarization软腭sincesink
Voicedfrication有声擦音→voiceless无声擦音/__voiceless清音
fivepast/hasto/haveto[hᴂftu]
areallinstancesAssimilation.isoftenusedsynonymouslywithcoarticulation协同发音Ifthesoundbecomesmorelikethefollowingsound,asinthecaseoflamb,itisknownasanticipatorycoarticulation(先期协同发音).Ifthesoundshowstheinfluenceoftheprecedingsound,itisperseverativecoarticulation(后滞协同发音),asisthecaseofmap.
(四)SuprasegmentalFeatures超音段特征
theaspectsofspeechthatinvolvemorethansinglesoundsegments.Theprincipalsuprasegmentalfeatures特征aresyllable音节,stress重音,tone声调,andintonation语调
考点:
重音Stress
Ingeneralsituations,notionalwords实词arenormallystressedwhilestructuralwords虚词areunstressed.
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