全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Word文档下载推荐.docx

全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Word文档下载推荐.docx

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　Researchonanimalintelligencealsomakesmewonderwhatexperimentsanimalswould__13__onhumansiftheyhadthechance.Everycatwithanowner,__14__,isrunningasmall-scalestudyinoperantconditioning.webelievethat__15__animalsranthelabs,theywouldtestusto__16__thelimitsofourpatience,ourfaithfulness,ourmemoryforterrain.Theywouldtrytodecidewhatintelligenceinhumansisreally__17__,notmerelyhowmuchofitthereis.__18__,theywouldhopetostudya　__19__question:

Arehumansactuallyawareoftheworldtheylivein?

__20__theresultsareinconclusive.

1.[A]Suppose　[B]Consider　[C]Observe　[D]Imagine

2.[A]tended　[B]feared　[C]happened　[D]threatened

3.[A]thinner　[B]stabler　[C]lighter　[D]dimmer

4.[A]tendency　[B]advantage　[C]inclination　[D]priority

5.[A]insistson　[B]sumsup　[C]turnsout　[D]putsforward

6.[A]off　　[B]behind　[C]over　　[D]along

7.[A]incredible　[B]spontaneous　[C]inevitable　[D]gradual

8.[A]fight　[B]doubt　　[C]stop　　[D]think

9.[A]invisible　[B]limited　[C]indefinite　[D]different

10.[A]upward　[B]forward　[C]afterward　[D]backward

11.[A]features　[B]influences　[C]results　　[D]costs

12.[A]outside　[B]on　　[C]by　　[D]across

13.[A]deliver　[B]carry　　[C]perform　[D]apply

14.[A]bychance　[B]incontrast　[C]asusual　[D]forinstance

15.[A]if　　[B]unless　[C]as　　[D]lest

16.[A]moderate　[B]overcome　[C]determine　　[D]reach

17.[A]at　　[B]for　　[C]after　　[D]with

18.[A]Aboveall　[B]Afterall　[C]However　[D]Otherwise

19.[A]fundamental[B]comprehensive　[C]equivalent　　[D]hostile

20.[A]Byaccident　[B]Intime　[C]Sofar　　[D]Betterstill

SectionII　　　ReadingComprehension

PartA

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,C,orD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.（40points）

Text1

Habitsareafunnything.Wereachforthemmindlessly,settingourbrainsonauto-pilotandrelaxingintotheunconsciouscomfortoffamiliarroutine.“Notchoice,buthabitrulestheunreflectingherd,”WilliamWordsworthsaidinthe19thcentury.Intheever-changing21stcentury,eventheword“habit”carriesanegativeimplication.

Soitseemsparadoxicaltotalkabouthabitsinthesamecontextascreativityandinnovation.Butbrainresearchershavediscoveredthatwhenweconsciouslydevelopnewhabits,wecreateparallelpaths,andevenentirelynewbraincells,thatcanjumpourtrainsofthoughtontonew,innovativetracks.

Ratherthandismissingourselvesasunchangeablecreaturesofhabit,wecaninsteaddirectourownchangebyconsciouslydevelopingnewhabits.Infact,themorenewthingswetry-themorewestepoutsideourcomfortzone-themoreinherentlycreativewebecome,bothintheworkplaceandinourpersonallives.

Butdon’tbothertryingtokilloffoldhabits;

oncethoserutsofprocedurearewornintothebrain,they’retheretostay.Instead,thenewhabitswedeliberatelypressintoourselvescreateparallelpathwaysthatcanbypassthoseoldroads.

“Thefirstthingneededforinnovationisafascinationwithwonder,”saysDawnaMarkova,authorof　TheOpenMind.“Butwearetaughtinsteadto‘decide,’justasourpresidentcallshimself‘theDecider’.”Sheadds,however,that“todecideistokilloffallpossibilitiesbutone.Agoodinnovationalthinkerisalwaysexploringthemanyotherpossibilities.”

Allofusworkthroughproblemsinwaysofwhichwe’reunaware,shesays.Researchersinthelate1960sdiscoveredthathumansarebornwiththecapacitytoapproachchallengesinfourprimaryways:

analytically,procedurally,relationally（orcollaboratively）andinnovatively.Attheendofadolescence,however,thebrainshutsdownhalfofthatcapacity,preservingonlythosemodesofthoughtthathaveseemedmostvaluableduringthefirstdecadeorsooflife.

Thecurrentemphasisonstandardizedtestinghighlightsanalysisandprocedure,meaningthatfewofusinherentlyuseoverinnovativeandcollaborativemodesofthought.“ThisbreaksthemajorruleintheAmericanbeliefsystem–thatanyonecandoanything,”explainsM.J.Ryan,authorofthe2006book　Thisyearwill…andMs.Markova’sbusinesspartner.“That’saliethatwehaveperpetuated,anditfosterscommonness.Knowingwhatyou’regoodatanddoingevenmoreofitcreatesexcellence.”Thisiswheredevelopingnewhabitscomesin.

21.InWordsworth’sview,“habits”ischaracterizedbybeing　　　　

A.casual　　B.familiar　C.mechanical　D.changeable

22.Brainresearchershavediscoveredthattheformationofnewhabitscanbe　　　　　

A.predicted　B.regulated　C.traced　　D.guided

23.Theword“ruts”（line1,paragraph4）isclosestinmeaningto　　　　

A.tracks　　B.series　　C.characteristics　D.connections

24.DawnaMarkovawouldmostprobablyagreethat　　　　

A.ideasarebornofarelaxingmind　　

B.innovativenesscouldbetaught　

C.decisivenessderivesfromfantasticideas　

D.curiosityactivatescreativeminds

25.Ryan’scommentssuggestthatthepracticeofstandardtesting　　　　

A.preventsnewhabitsformbeingformed　　

B.nolongeremphasizescommonness　　

C.maintainstheinherentAmericanthinkingmode　

D.complieswiththeAmericanbeliefsystem

Text2

Itisawisefatherthatknowshisownchild,buttodayamancanboosthispaternal（fatherly）wisdom–oratleastconfirmthathe’sthekid’sdad.Allheneedstodoisshellout$30forapaternitytestingkit（PTK）athislocaldrugstore-andanother$120togettheresults.

Morethan60,000peoplehavepurchasedthePTKssincetheyfirstbecomeavailablewithoutprescriptionslastyears,accordingtoDougFogg,chiefoperatingofficerofIdentigene,whichmakestheover-the-counterkits.MorethantwodozencompaniessellDNAtestsdirectlytothepublic,ranginginpricefromafewhundreddollarstomorethan$2,500.

Amongthemostpopular:

paternityandkinshiptesting,whichadoptedchildrencanusetofindtheirbiologicalrelativesandfamiliescanusetotrackdownkidsputupforadoption.DNAtestingisalsothelatestrageamongpassionategenealogists-andsupportsbusinessesthatoffertosearchforafamily’sgeographicroots.

Mosttestsrequirecollectingcellsbyswabbingsalivainthemouthandsendingittothecompanyfortesting.AlltestsrequireapotentialcandidatewithwhomtocompareDNA.

Butsomeobserversareskeptical,“Thereisakindoffalseprecisionbeinghawkedbypeopleclaimingtheyaredoingancestrytesting,”saysTroyDuster,aNewYorkUniversitysociologist.Henotesthateachindividualhasmanyancestors-numberinginthehundredsjustafewcenturiesback.Yetmostancestrytestingonlyconsidersasinglelineage,eithertheYchromosomeinheritedthroughmeninafather’slineormitochondrialDNA,whichapasseddownonlyfrommothers.ThisDNAcanrevealgeneticinformationaboutonlyoneortwoancestors,eventhough,forexample,justthreegenerationsbackpeoplealsohavesixothergreat-grandparentsor,fourgenerationsback,14othergreat-great-grandparents.

Criticsalsoarguethatcommercialgenetictestingisonlyasgoodasthereferencecollectionstowhichasampleiscompared.Databasesusedbysomecompaniesdon’trelyondatacollectedsystematicallybutratherlumptogetherinformationfromdifferentresearchprojects.ThismeansthataDNAdatabasemaydifferdependingonthecompanythatprocessestheresults.Inaddition,thecomputerprogramsacompanyusestoestimaterelationshipsmaybepatentedandnotsubject

topeerrevieworoutsideevaluation.

26.Inparagraphs1and2,thetextshowsPTK’s_____.

［A］easyavailability

［B］flexibilityinpricing

［C］successfulpromotion

［D］popularitywithhouseholds

27.PTKisusedto_____.

［A］locateone’sbirthplace

［B］promotegeneticresearch

［C］identifyparent-childkinship

［D］choosechildrenforadoption

28.Skepticalobserversbelievethatancestrytestingfailsto_____.

［A］tracedistantancestors

［B］rebuildreliablebloodlines

［C］fullyusegeneticinformation

［D］achievetheclaimedaccuracy

29.Inthelastparagraph,aproblemcommercialgenetictestingfacesis_____.

［A］disorganizeddatacollection

［B］overlappingdatabasebuilding

［C］excessivesamplecomparison

［D］lackofpatentevaluation

30.Anappropriatetitleforthetextismostlikelytobe_____.

［A］ForsandAgainstofDNATesting

［B］DNAtestingandIt’sproblems

［C］DNAtestingoutsidethelab

［D］LiesbehindDNAtesting

Text3

Therelationshipbetweenformaleducationandeconomicgrowthinpoorcountriesiswidelymisunderstoodbyeconomistsandpoliticiansalike.