unit17句子成分语法整理文档格式.docx
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snousecryingoverspiltmilk.(it为形式主语,动名词为真正的主语)
5)Toseeistobelieve.(不定式)
6)Whetherhecomesornotdoesn'
tmatter.(从句)
7)It'
simportantforyoutofinishthistask.(it作形式主语,不定式为真正的主语)
8)One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.(数词)
9)Therichshouldhelpthepoor.(名词化的形容词)
有几个值得注意的问题:
1)动名词与不定式作主语意义不同,动名词作主语一般说来指的是一个概念或一个既成事实,如3)句和4)句.而动词不定式作主语则表示将要发生的事,如7)句
2)在主系表结构中,主语和表语使用不定式还是使用动名词应当一致,如5)句主语是tosee,表语也是不定式,此句还可以改成,Seeingisbelieving.主语和表语都是动名词
3)动词不定式作主语经常由it来作形式主语,如7)句
4)名词化的形容词也能充当主语成分,如:
therich(富人),thepoor(穷人),thewounded(伤员),thedying(临死的人),例句:
Thewoundedarenowoutofdanger.(那些伤员已经脱离危险),如第9)句
5)主语一般情况下放在句首,但是在therebe结构,疑问句(当主语不是疑问词)和倒装句中,主语位于谓语、助动词、或情态动词之后。
如:
Therearesomebooksonthetable.(therebe句型)
Howisyourmother?
(疑问句)
Willyougooutorstayhere?
NevershallIforgetit.(倒装句)
练习题
I.找出下列句中的主语并说出是由什么来充当的
1.Wewrotealetterofthankstowhoeverhadhelpedus.
2.Whetheryoudon'
tlikehimisnoneofmybusiness.
3.Theyliveonabusystreet.Itmustbeverynoisy.
4.Therearesomeboysandgirlsontheplayground.
5.Tosayitiseasierthantodoit.
6.Itispossibletoflytothemoonbyspaceship.
7.Mybrothergavemetwobooks.Thefirstwasanovel.
8.Skatingisgoodexercise.
9.Thewoundedhavealreadybeensenttothehospital.
10.Howtodoitwellisanimportantquestion.
答案:
1.we(代词)whoever(宾语从句中的主语,从属连词)
2.whetheryoudon'
tlikehim(主语从句)
3.they(代词);
it(代词)
4.someboysandgirls(名词)
5.tosayit(不定式短语);
todoit(比较状语从句中的主语,不定式短语)
6.it(形式主语,真正的主语toflytothemoonbyspaceship)
7.mymother(名词);
thefirst(数词)
8.skating(动名词)
9.thewounded(形容词)
10.howtodoitwell(带疑问词的不定式短语)
II.用括号中词的正确形式填空
1._____fight)brokeoutbetweentheSouthandtheNorth.
2.______(complete)thebuildingintwomonthswillbeagreatachievement.
3._______succeed)or______(fail)dependsonthesupportofthemasses.
4.Whathas________(happen)provesthatourpolicyisright.
5._____(its)happenedthatIwasn'
ttherethatday.
Key:
1.Fighting2.Tocomplete3.Success,failure4.happened5.It
Unit2谓语(Predicate)
谓语是句子的躯干,说明主语的动作.谓语动词随着主语的不同而变化,随着时间的不同而变化,随着与主语的不同关系(主动关系和被动关系)而变化,总之,时时在变.谓语有三种不同的形式:
1)动词/动词短语Theyplantedmanytreesonthehill.
Shetakesgoodcareofhermother.
2)情态动词/助动词+动词原形Youmuststayathome.
Shedoesn’tseemtolikedancing.
3)系动词+表语Thereportisveryinteresting./Wearestudents.
掌握谓语应注意它的几种变化:
1)人称和数的变化如:
Iworkinaforeigncountry.
Heworksinaforeigncountry.
2)时态变化如:
Iusuallygetupatsix.(一般现在时)
Iamgettingupnow.(现在进行时)
Igotupatfiveyesterday.(一般过去时)
Iwillgetupatseventomorrow.(一般将来时)
Ihavealreadygotup.(现在完成时)
Iwasgettingupwhenhecamein.(过去进行时)
Ihadgotupwhenhecametomyhouse.(过去完成时)
ItoldmymotherthatIwouldgetup.(过去将来时)
3)语态变化如:
Thechildrencarriedschoolbags.(主动语态)
Schoolbagswerecarriedbythechildren.(被动语态)
4)语气变化如:
Iwasverybusy,soIdidn'
tgotoseehim.(真实语气)
IwouldhavegonetoseehimifIhadnotbeenverybusy.(虚拟语气)
I.指出下列句中谓语并注意变化形式
1.Theearthmovesroundthesun.
2.Thefactoryhasalreadygoneintoproduction.
3.Wemustgetridofbadhabits.
4.Anotherkindofpollutionisnoise.
5.Yoursentencedoesn'
tsoundright.
6.Theleaveshaveturnedyellow.
7.Theweatherremainedfineforseveraldays.
1.moves一般现在是第三人称单数2.hasalreadygone现在完成时3.mustget情态动词加动词
4.isnoise系表结构5.doesn'
tsoundright系表结构否定式6.haveturnedyellow系表结构完成时
7.continuedfine系表结构过去时
II.填入动词的适当形式
1.Fiftymiles_______(be)notagreatdistance.
2.He_______(marry)forthreeyears.
3.Sofast_____light______(travel)thatitisdifficultforustoimagineitsspeed.
4.Alotoftrees______(must,plant)onthehills.
5.What_____theboy_____(do)intheroom?
6.Thewomandid______(stay)athomelastSunday.
1.is2.hasbeenmarried3.does,travel4.mustbeplanted5.is,doing6.stay
Unit3表语(Predicative)
表语是用来说明主语的身份,特征和状态的,只有系动词之后才有表语。
常见的系动词有:
be、become、appear、look、sound、seem、taste、smell、feel、get、grow、go、come等。
作表语的有:
名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、从句。
如:
1)MyteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.(名词)
2)ThatisallIwanttotellyou.(代词)
3)Theweatherhasturnedcold.(形容词)
4)Thespeechisexciting.(现在分词)
TheteacherwaspleasedwithmyspokenEnglish.(过去分词)
5)Threetimessevenistwenty-one.(数词)
6)Timeisup.Theclassisover.(副词)
7)HisjobistoteachChinese.(不定式)
8)Hishobbyisplayingfootball.(动名词)
9)Themachinemustbeoutoforder.(介词短语)
10)Thetruthisthatheisneverbeenabroad.(从句)
学习掌握表语应该注意以下三个区别:
1)名词作表语与形容词作表语的区别:
名词作表语回答"
What问题"
;
而形容词作表语回答"
How问题"
.例如:
Hisfatherisaworker.(Whatishisfather?
)
Hisfatheristall.(Howishisfather?
2)动名词作表语与现在分词作表语的区别:
动名词作表语回答"
而现在分词作表语多表示主语所具有的特征,常回答"
Myjobiscollectingstamps.(Whatisyourjob?
Thebookisinteresting.(Howisthebook?
3)现在分词作表语与现在进行时的区别:
现在分词作表语表示主语的特征和性质;
而进行时则表示主语正在进行的动作.
Thefilmismoving.(这部电影很动人.)
Thechildrenaremovingthebigtable.(孩子们正挪动那张大桌子.)
I.找出下列各句中的表语并注意它们的形式.
1.BeijingisthecapitalofChina.
2.Thestreetusedtobeverydirty.
3.Hiswishwastobecomeanengineer.
4.Herjobisraisingpigs.
5.Thesituationisencouraging.
6.Thedoorremainedlocked.
7.Wemustbeoffnow.
8.Thatisagainsttheinterestsofthepeople.
9.Myideaisthatweshouldsticktoourplan.
10.Thequestionishowtorunthemachine.
1.thecapital(名词)2.dirty(形容词)3.tobecomeanengineer(动词不定式)
4.raisingpigs(动名词短语)5.encouraging(现在分词)6.locked(过去分词)7.off(副词)8.againsttheinterestsofthepeople(介词短语)9.thatweshouldsticktoourplan(从句)
10.howtorunthemachine(带疑问词的不定式)
II.用所给词的正确形式填空
1.Thenewssounds__________(inspire)
2.Weare__________(interest)inthestory.
3.Myworkis______(clean)theclassroomtomorrowmorning
4.Thepeopleinthecityarevery_________.(happiness)
5.Thatishisbook.Theoneonthedeskis_________(my).
1.inspiring2.interested3.toclean4.happy5.mine
Unit4宾语(Object)
宾语表示动作的对象,是动作的承受者,一般位于及物动词后面.英语中介词后也要求用宾语。
放在动词后的宾语叫做动词宾语,而放在介词之后的宾语叫做介词宾语。
作主语成分的词也可做宾语成分,如:
名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词或分词、不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)、从句。
Heisgoingtobuyadictionary.(名词)
Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.(代词)
----Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?
----Ihavefive.(数词)
Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.(名词化的形容词)
Weshouldtakethewoundedtothehospitalimmediately.(名词化的分词)
Hepretendednottoseeme.(不定式)
HepracticingspeakingEnglisheveryday.(动名词)
Ithinkthatheisfitforhisoffice.(从句)
值得注意的问题:
1.有些动词可以跟双宾语,即直接宾语和间接宾语。
直接宾语表示动作的承受者或结果,通常指物。
间接宾语表示动作所向的或所为的人或物,通常指人。
一般情况是间接宾语在前,直接宾语在后,有时,需要直接宾语提前,这时需要在间接宾语之前加上"
to"
或"
for"
,加"
to"
由动词决定,动词有"
方向"
含义的用"
其余的用"
for”
能跟双宾语的动词有:
give,pass,choose,teach,buy,,send,bring,cook等
如:
Lendmeyourdictionary,please.(直接宾语)
givemethebook/givethebooktome把书给我
间宾直宾直宾间宾
passtheknifetoher把刀递给她
2.复合宾语
有些动词除了接宾语以外,还需要一个词来说明宾语的身份或状态,以补充其意义的不足,这样的词或短语叫宾语补足语。
宾语与补足语一起组成复合宾语,他们构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
如果直接宾语是不定式、动名词或从句,常用it作形式宾语。
能跟复合宾语的动词有:
call,make,let,ask,tell,see,hear等
如:
WecallhimTom.我们管他叫汤姆.(代词+名词)
Isawhimgointotheclassroom.我看到他进了教室.(代词+不定式短语)
Ifoundthebabyalwayshappy.(名词+形容词)
Ifinditeasytoanswerthisquestion.(it作形式宾语,easy形容词作宾补,不定式作真正的宾语)
宾语考察重点
下列动词后只能跟不定式作宾语ask,agree,choose,demand,dare,decide,expect,fail,help,hope,learn,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,want,wish,desire,etc.
eg.Hepretendedtobesleepingwhenhismothercamein.
Wemanagedtosendhimtoaschoolforeducation.
注:
有些adj.后也可跟不定式作宾语happy,glad,pleased,sure,ready,eager,free,afraid,willing,
eg.Heisalwaysreadytohelpothers.
下列动词或短语后只能跟动名词作宾语advise,consider,admit,allow,suggest,finish,appreciate,mind,imagine,deny,enjoy,keep(on),practice,permit,escape,avoid,risk,leadto,devoteto,beusedto,objectto,lookforwardto,getdownto,giveup,putoff,can’thelp,etc.
eg.Ilookforwardtoseeingheragain.
I’mconsideringchangingmyjob.
LiLeigaveupstudyingabroad.
remember,forget,regret三个词后接动名词表事情已经过去,接不定式表将来的事。
eg.Iregrettednotgoingtoseethefilm.我懊悔没有去看电影。
Iregrettednottogotoseethefilmwithyou.我遗憾的是不能和你一起去看电影。
trydoingsth.试着做某事trytodosth.尽力去做某事
meandoingsth.意味着meantodosth.打算做某事
goondoingsth.继续做某事goontodosth.接着做另一件事
topdoingsth.停止做某事stoptodosth.停下来做另一件事
require,need,want,beworth后跟动名词主动表被动。
eg.Thehouseneedsrepairing.→Thehouseneedstoberepaired.
I.指出下列句中宾语并注意它们的形式
1.Crusoemadeanotherfenceroundhiscave.
2.Hegaveupteachingonlytwoyearsago.
3.Shehaslearnedtoplaythepiano.
4.Itistimeforsupper.
5.Didyouwritedownwhathesaid?
6.He'
sgoingtoteachusEnglishnextterm
7.Couldyousparemeafewminutes?
8.Shesmiledherthanksas